Final - week 10 -Religious Wars, Exploration, and State Building Flashcards
Prince Henry the Navigator:
navegador portugués. Descubrió las costas occidentales de Africa y sur de Sur Amêrica
Vasco Da Gama:
Portugués, primeros barcos de Portugal hasta la India.
Christopher Columbus:
Descubridor de América, 4 viajes. GGG
Triangular Trade:
Triángulo de esclavos entre España y Portugal, África y Suramérica
Middle Passage:
the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas (the middle portion of the triangular trade route)
Capitalism:
an economic system in which people invest in trade and goods in order
to make profits|
Joint-stock company:
is a business entity in which shares of the company’s stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership)
Mercantilism:
a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century,
which emphasized the accumulation of bullion through government involvement in the promotion
of industries and trade
The Thirty Years’ War:
The war began in 1618. At first, it was a struggle between Catholic forces and Protestant nobles in Bohemia. The Protestant nobles were primarily Calvinists who rebelled against the Hapsburg emperors. Soon the conflict became a political one. Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain all entered the war. The war became a struggle between France and the rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Most of the battles of the war were fought on German soil. For 30 years, Germany was plundered and destroyed.
Peace of Westphalia:
The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648. It stated that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, could determine their own religion. The states that had made up the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent states. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire. Germany would not be united again for another two hundred years. France, on the other hand, emerged from the war as the dominant nation in Europe.
The Hundred Years’ War:
When King Philip VI of France seized Gascony in 1337, King Edward III of England declared war on Philip. This began the Hundred Years’ War between France and England. It was a turning point in warfare. Peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles of the Hundred Years’ War. The English foot soldiers were armed with longbows and arrows, as well as spears. The first major battle took place in 1346 at Crécy. The arrows of the English soldiers devastated the French cavalry. At the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the French were again defeated. The English now had control of northern France. The French cause seemed hopeless, until a French peasant woman decided to free France. Joan of Arc was born in 1412. She was a deeply religious person who experienced visions. In February 1429, she made her way to the court of Charles, the heir to the French throne. She persuaded him to allow her to accompany a French army to Orléans. The French soldiers found a new confidence in themselves and captured Orléans. Joan of Arc herself was captured in 1430 and turned over to the English. She was tried as a witch, because her visions were thought to be inspired by the devil. She was condemned to death and burnt at the stake. Joan of Arc’s achievements were important, however. The French defeated the English in Normandy and Aquitaine and the war ended in 1453.
Cardinal Richelieu:
Ordenado obispo en 1607, entró en política y fue nombrado secretario de Estado en 1616. Richelieu pronto alcanzó un gran poder en la Iglesia católica y en el Reino de Francia, hasta alcanzar la dignidad cardenalicia en 1622, y el cargo de primer ministro del rey Luis XIII en 1624. Permaneció en el cargo hasta su muerte en 1642. Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII’s chief minister, strengthened the power of the monarchy. Because the Huguenots were seen as a threat to the king’s power, Richelieu took away their political and military rights. He also set up a network of spies to uncover plots by nobles against the government. When plots were discovered, he executed the conspirators.
King Louis XIV:
Francia, llamado el Rey Sol The reign of Louis XIV has been regarded as the best example of the practice of absolutism in the seventeenth century. Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. In seventeenth-century Europe, absolutism was tied to the idea of the divine right of kings. Absolute monarchs had tremendous powers. They had the ability to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control the state’s officials, and determine foreign policy.
Peter the Great:
Rusia. The Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917. One of its most prominent members was Peter the Great. Peter became czar in 1689. He was an absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule. A few years after becoming czar, Peter made a trip to the West. When he returned to Russia, he was determined to westernize Russia.
King James I of England:
James believed in the divine right of kings (that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God). Parliament, on the other hand, believed that the king or queen and Parliament ruled England together. Religion was also an issue. The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas) did not like the king’s strong defense of the Church of England. The Puritans were part of the Church of England, but they wanted to make it more Protestant. Many of England’s wealthy landowners had become Puritans. These Puritans were an important part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament. The conflict began during the reign of James but came to a head during the reign of his son,
