Final: Water & Additives Flashcards
What % of vertebrate bodies are water?
65-70%
What is the single most vital nutrient the animal takes in?
water
How do desert creatures meet needs for water (other than drinking it)?
Produce it metabolically (during complete oxidation of feedstuff)
Have long Loops of Henle
What animal has the smallest water requirement for maintenance?
cat
What can increase water requirement?
exercise and heat stress
horse = sweat, dog = panting
Why can’t the cat’s water requirement increase with exercise and heat stress?
Cats cannot run very far because they overheat, so intake and requirement don’t increase
What is water hardness?
Cation content of water (Ca carbonate and Mg carbonate)
- Little consequence to animals
What is softened water?
Exchanging Na for Ca in the water
What requirement can softened water meet in some animals?
Na
What might softened water contribute to in humans?
hypertension
What is the safety of water whose ion content is <1000 mg/L?
Safe for all
What is the safety of water whose ion content is 1000-3000 mg/L?
initially diarrhea, but get accustomed
What is the safety of water whose ion content is >3000 mg/L?
intake can reduce = poor performance
What is the safety of water whose ion content is >5000 mg/L?
Pregnant animals should avoid (abort, poor fetal growth)
What is the normal pH range for water?
4-11
What is the consequence of too high or too low pH of water?
Little consequence, but pH can determine what will live in water trough
What temperature of water do animals prefer?
warm
What happens when nitrates are ingested?
Can be converted to nitrites by gut microbes
What can nitrites do when absorbed into the blood?
Displace O2 from hemoglobin,
Will form methemoglobin - will not carry O2 to tissues!
What is the human limit for drinking nitrates?
10 mg/L
What is the livestock limit for drinking nitrates?
100 mg/L
What happens when an animal is given free access to water after severe dehydration?
Can lead to brain edema (CSF draws in excessive water)
Why are antioxidants/preservatives added to diets?
Meant to keep fat and vitamins from going rancid and preserve antioxidant activity
What are 4 examples of antioxidants/preservatives?
- Ethoxyquin
- BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
- BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
- Propionic acid
What gives food sweet flavor?
sucrose, molasses (horses)
What gives food sour flavor?
acetic acid
What are humectants?
Allow food to hold moisture and not spoil
What is propylene glycol and what issues does it cause?
Humectant in most semi-moist dog/cat food; provide energy but cause problems with RBCs
What are sequestrants used for?
to block dental calculus in dogs and cats
What are pellet binders?
Allow food to be compressed thru pellet mold and promotes cohesiveness and prevents pellet crumbling
What are 3 examples of pellet binders?
- Bentonites and clays
- Kaolin
- Lignin sulfonate
What do anti-caking agents do?
Reduce lumpyness of feed, allow storage in bins
What are 2 examples of anti-caking agents?
- Aluminosilicates (zeolites)
2. Diatomaceous earth
What two things are used for anti-dust?
- Mineral oil
2. Vegetable oils
What is the only good evidence for strong mycotoxin binding?
Aflatoxin
What are probiotics and what do they target, typically?
Intended to provide live colonies of bacteria that are native to the healthy intestinal tract of an animal; typically target lactic acid bacteria
Why are probiotics used?
produce vitamins, enzymes, FAs, exclude pathogens (Salmonella), restore flora after abx use, stimulate motility following gut sx
What is Aviguard?
Mixed cultures of microflora isolated from healthy chickens
Sprayed on newly hatched chicks, they pick up bacteria while preening
Establishes normal bacteria on gut surfaces, preventing pathogens from establishing in the gut
