Final W5 Flashcards
____ catabolic pathways converge to form ___ major products with can enter the citric acid cycle
20, 6
ketogenic amino acids can be created when carbon skeletons are degraded to ____ and ____ which generate ketone bodies.
acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA
Glucogenic amino acids can be created when carbon skeletons are degraded to ___, ____, ___, ___ and ____ which can then generate glucose or glycogen
ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate
tetrahydrofolate is a cofactor involved in carbon skeleton catabolism that is derived from ___ or ___ ___. It is involved in the transfer of one carbon units bound to ___ or ___. It can carry a ___ group a ___ group, or a ___, ___, or ____ group.
folate, vitamin B9, N-5, N-10, methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl, formimino
S-adenosylmethionine is a cofactor synthesized from __ and ____. It is an __ agent due to the ___ ion. The transfer of a ____ group from this cofactor to an acceptor yields _____.
ATP, methionine, alkylating, sulfonium, methyl, S-adenosylhomocysteine
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor used by ___ amino acid ____ enzymes. They are involved in ____ reactions
aromatic, hydrolase, oxidation-reduction
carbon skeletons of __ amino acids are degraded to pyruvate
6
Alanine is ___ and ____ yields pyruvate
glycogenic, transamination
tryptophan is __ and ___ and side chain cleavage yields ____. Transamination of this product yields ___
glucogenic, ketogenic, alanine, pyruvate
Cysteine is ___ and the __ atom is removed to make alanine, and alanine is transminated to make pyruvate
glucogenic, sulfur
Glycine is ____. in the firth pathway, glycine is metabolized to ___ through the addition of ____. Then it is metabolized to pyruvate by ___ ___
glucogenic, serine, hydroxymethyl, serine dehydratase
In the second pathway for glycine, oxidative cleavage to ___, __ and ___ is catalyzed by glycine cleavage enzyme. The reaction transfers 1 carbon to ____ forming ______.
CO2, NH4+, methylene, tetrahydrofolate, N5,N10-methylene
____ ___ ___ is expressed in high level in the kidneys and will produce ___, ___, ___ and ___ from D-amino acids obtained from the diet. This product will go on to form ____. __ ___ comprises 75% of all kidney stones.
D-amino oxidase, O2, H2O, NH3, glyoxylate, oxalate, calcium oxalate
Threonine is glycogenic and ketogenic, and is ___ to _____. The removal of acetyl-CoA yields ___.
oxidized, 2-amino 2-ketobutyrate, glycine
Serine is __ and is metabolized to pyruvate by __ ___
glucogenic, serine dehydratase
carbon skeletons of 7 amino acids are degraded to __ ___
acetyl-CoA
tryptophan is glycogenic and ketogenic and the 4 carbons within the ___ ___ are metabolized to 2 molecules of __ ___
indole ring, acetyl-CoA
Lysine is ___ and the 4 carbons are metabolized to __ molecules of acetyl-CoA. 2 carbons are released as ____.
ketogenic, 2, CO2
isoleucine is glucogenic and ketogenic and the 2 carbons within the ___ __ are metabolized to _____.
side chain, acetyl-CoA
leucine is _____ and 5 carbons combine with ___ to form ___ acetyl-CoA
ketogenic, CO2, 3
tyrosine is glucogenic and ketogenic and __ carbons are metabolized to __ acetyl-CoA
4, 2
Phenylalanine is glucogenic and ketogenic and is metabolized to ___ by ___ ___. 4 carbons within this product are metabolized to ___ acetyl-CoA
tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylase, 2
phenylketonuria is a genetic defect in __ ___. Phenylalanine and related metabolites accumulate in ___, ___ and ____. This leads to severe ____ defects. Treatment includes restricted diet and administering an ___ to degrade dietary phe
phenylalanine hydroxylase, blood, tissues, urine, intellectual, enzyme
Phenylalanine hydroxylase requires ___ as a cofactor. ___ ____ catalyzes the reduction of _____ by NADPH to form this cofactor
tetrahydrobiopterin, dihydrobiopterin, dihydrobiopterin
carbon skeletons of 5 amino acids are degraded to ____
alpha-ketoglutarate
arginine is ____ and undergoes hydrolysis to ____, followed by transamination to form ___ _____. This product is metabolized to ____ and ____
glucogenic, ornithine, glutamate y-semialdehyde, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate
Proline is ___ and hydrolysis of a ___ side chain yields _____, which is metabolized to glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
glucogenic, cyclic, glutamate y-semialdehyde
Histidine is ___ and metabolism to ___ occurs through a multistep pathway. Glu is metabolized to ___ by ___ ___
lucogenic, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxidative deamination
Glutamate is ___ and is ___ to glutamate. glutamate is metabolized to alphaketoglutarate by oxidative ____
glucogenic, deaminated, deamination
glutamate is ___ and is metabolized to ___ by oxidative deamination
glucogenic, alpha-ketoglutarate
carbon skeletons of 4 amino acids are degraded to _____
succinyl-CoA
methionine is ___ and a ___ group is donated to ____. The remaining carbons are metabolized to ____.
glucogenic, methyl, Adomet, propionyl-CoA
Threonine is glucogenic and ketogenic and metabolized to ___ via ___ steps
propionyl-CoA, 2
Isoleucine is glucogenic and ketogenic, and ___ followed by oxidative ____ yields ___ and ___.
transamination, decarboxylation, acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA
Valine is ___ and transamination, ____, and a series of __ reactions yield ____
glucogenic, transamination, oxidation, propionyl-CoA
carbon skeletons of 2 amino acids are degraded to ___
oxaloacetate
asparagine is ___ and is hydrolyzed to ____ by ____. This product undergoes transamination with ___ to yield glutamate and ___.
glucogenic, aspartate, asparaginase, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate
aspartate is ___ and undergoes transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate to yield ___ and -__
glucogenic, glutamate, oxaloacetate
amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained from the diet
essential amino acids
amino acids that can be made by humans from simpler precursors and are thus not required in the diet
non essential amino acids
amino acid synthesis is an ___ pathway that requires __ and ___
anabolic, NADPH, ATP
all amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in ___, the __ ___ __, and __ ___ ___
glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric cycle
The precursors to amino acid biosynthesis are all missing ___. ___ and ___ are the sources of them
nitrogen, glutamine, glutamate
alanine, __ and ___ are synthesized by transamination by a _______, while glutamine is synthesized by __ ___
aspartate, glutamate, aminotransferase, glutamine synthetase
When arginine from dietary intake or __ __ is insufficient for protein synthesis, it can be synthesized via the ___ ___
protein turnover, urea cycle
Proline is made from ___ in the urea cycle, which is metabolized to ____ ____. This product cyclizes to ______ and is ___ to proline
ornithine, glutamate y-semialdehyde, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, reduced
Serine is synthesized from ________ from glycolysis. First this precursor is oxidized to ____, then transamination with ____ yields _____. Hydrolysis of the ____ yields serine
3-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, L-glutamate, 3-phosphoserine, phosphate
Glycine can be synthesized from __ through a reaction catalyzed by ___ ___. The ____ is transferred to ___ creating ______
serine, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, beta-carbon, tetrahydrofolate, N5,N10-methylene
Glycine can also be synthesized by __ ___ enzyme. The reactants are __, __ and one carbon unit from _____
glycine cleavage, CO2, NH4_, N5,N10-methylene
Cysteine is made from ____ and ____ which make ____.This product transfers a ___ group to a number of acceptors forming ___. This product is hydrolyzed to ____. This product is combine with serine to make ______. Cleavage and removal of ____ from the product from cysteine
Met, ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, methyl, S-adenosylhomocysteine, homocysteine, cystathionine, NH4+
Asparagine is made from ___, ___ and _____, and is catalyzed by asparagine synthetase
aspartate, glutamate, ATP
Tyrosine is synthesized from ____ from ___ catlayzed by ___ ____
phenylalanine, hydroxylation, phenylalanine hydroxylase
