Final W5

Question 1

____ catabolic pathways converge to form ___ major products with can enter the citric acid cycle

Answer 1

20, 6

Question 2

ketogenic amino acids can be created when carbon skeletons are degraded to ____ and ____ which generate ketone bodies.

Answer 2

acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA

Question 3

Glucogenic amino acids can be created when carbon skeletons are degraded to ___, ____, ___, ___ and ____ which can then generate glucose or glycogen

Answer 3

ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate

Question 4

tetrahydrofolate is a cofactor involved in carbon skeleton catabolism that is derived from ___ or ___ ___. It is involved in the transfer of one carbon units bound to ___ or ___. It can carry a ___ group a ___ group, or a ___, ___, or ____ group.

Answer 4

folate, vitamin B9, N-5, N-10, methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl, formimino

Question 5

S-adenosylmethionine is a cofactor synthesized from __ and ____. It is an __ agent due to the ___ ion. The transfer of a ____ group from this cofactor to an acceptor yields _____.

Answer 5

ATP, methionine, alkylating, sulfonium, methyl, S-adenosylhomocysteine

Question 6

Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor used by ___ amino acid ____ enzymes. They are involved in ____ reactions

Answer 6

aromatic, hydrolase, oxidation-reduction

Question 7

carbon skeletons of __ amino acids are degraded to pyruvate

Answer 7

6

Question 8

Alanine is ___ and ____ yields pyruvate

Answer 8

glycogenic, transamination

Question 9

tryptophan is __ and ___ and side chain cleavage yields ____. Transamination of this product yields ___

Answer 9

glucogenic, ketogenic, alanine, pyruvate

Question 10

Cysteine is ___ and the __ atom is removed to make alanine, and alanine is transminated to make pyruvate

Answer 10

glucogenic, sulfur

Question 11

Glycine is ____. in the firth pathway, glycine is metabolized to ___ through the addition of ____. Then it is metabolized to pyruvate by ___ ___

Answer 11

glucogenic, serine, hydroxymethyl, serine dehydratase

Question 12

In the second pathway for glycine, oxidative cleavage to ___, __ and ___ is catalyzed by glycine cleavage enzyme. The reaction transfers 1 carbon to ____ forming ______.

Answer 12

CO2, NH4+, methylene, tetrahydrofolate, N5,N10-methylene

Question 13

____ ___ ___ is expressed in high level in the kidneys and will produce ___, ___, ___ and ___ from D-amino acids obtained from the diet. This product will go on to form ____. __ ___ comprises 75% of all kidney stones.

Answer 13

D-amino oxidase, O2, H2O, NH3, glyoxylate, oxalate, calcium oxalate

Question 14

Threonine is glycogenic and ketogenic, and is ___ to _____. The removal of acetyl-CoA yields ___.

Answer 14

oxidized, 2-amino 2-ketobutyrate, glycine

Question 15

Serine is __ and is metabolized to pyruvate by __ ___

Answer 15

glucogenic, serine dehydratase

Question 16

carbon skeletons of 7 amino acids are degraded to __ ___

Answer 16

acetyl-CoA

Question 17

tryptophan is glycogenic and ketogenic and the 4 carbons within the ___ ___ are metabolized to 2 molecules of __ ___

Answer 17

indole ring, acetyl-CoA

Question 18

Lysine is ___ and the 4 carbons are metabolized to __ molecules of acetyl-CoA. 2 carbons are released as ____.

Answer 18

ketogenic, 2, CO2

Question 19

isoleucine is glucogenic and ketogenic and the 2 carbons within the ___ __ are metabolized to _____.

Answer 19

side chain, acetyl-CoA

Question 20

leucine is _____ and 5 carbons combine with ___ to form ___ acetyl-CoA

Answer 20

ketogenic, CO2, 3

Question 21

tyrosine is glucogenic and ketogenic and __ carbons are metabolized to __ acetyl-CoA

Answer 21

4, 2

Question 22

Phenylalanine is glucogenic and ketogenic and is metabolized to ___ by ___ ___. 4 carbons within this product are metabolized to ___ acetyl-CoA

Answer 22

tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylase, 2

Question 23

phenylketonuria is a genetic defect in __ ___. Phenylalanine and related metabolites accumulate in ___, ___ and ____. This leads to severe ____ defects. Treatment includes restricted diet and administering an ___ to degrade dietary phe

Answer 23

phenylalanine hydroxylase, blood, tissues, urine, intellectual, enzyme

Question 24

Phenylalanine hydroxylase requires ___ as a cofactor. ___ ____ catalyzes the reduction of _____ by NADPH to form this cofactor

Answer 24

tetrahydrobiopterin, dihydrobiopterin, dihydrobiopterin

Question 25

carbon skeletons of 5 amino acids are degraded to ____

Answer 25

alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 26

arginine is ____ and undergoes hydrolysis to ____, followed by transamination to form ___ _____. This product is metabolized to ____ and ____

Answer 26

glucogenic, ornithine, glutamate y-semialdehyde, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 27

Proline is ___ and hydrolysis of a ___ side chain yields _____, which is metabolized to glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate

Answer 27

glucogenic, cyclic, glutamate y-semialdehyde

Question 28

Histidine is ___ and metabolism to ___ occurs through a multistep pathway. Glu is metabolized to ___ by ___ ___

Answer 28

lucogenic, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxidative deamination

Question 29

Glutamate is ___ and is ___ to glutamate. glutamate is metabolized to alphaketoglutarate by oxidative ____

Answer 29

glucogenic, deaminated, deamination

Question 30

glutamate is ___ and is metabolized to ___ by oxidative deamination

Answer 30

glucogenic, alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 31

carbon skeletons of 4 amino acids are degraded to _____

Answer 31

succinyl-CoA

Question 32

methionine is ___ and a ___ group is donated to ____. The remaining carbons are metabolized to ____.

Answer 32

glucogenic, methyl, Adomet, propionyl-CoA

Question 33

Threonine is glucogenic and ketogenic and metabolized to ___ via ___ steps

Answer 33

propionyl-CoA, 2

Question 34

Isoleucine is glucogenic and ketogenic, and ___ followed by oxidative ____ yields ___ and ___.

Answer 34

transamination, decarboxylation, acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA

Question 35

Valine is ___ and transamination, ____, and a series of __ reactions yield ____

Answer 35

glucogenic, transamination, oxidation, propionyl-CoA

Question 36

carbon skeletons of 2 amino acids are degraded to ___

Answer 36

oxaloacetate

Question 37

asparagine is ___ and is hydrolyzed to ____ by ____. This product undergoes transamination with ___ to yield glutamate and ___.

Answer 37

glucogenic, aspartate, asparaginase, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate

Question 38

aspartate is ___ and undergoes transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate to yield ___ and -__

Answer 38

glucogenic, glutamate, oxaloacetate

Question 39

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained from the diet

Answer 39

essential amino acids

Question 40

amino acids that can be made by humans from simpler precursors and are thus not required in the diet

Answer 40

non essential amino acids

Question 41

amino acid synthesis is an ___ pathway that requires __ and ___

Answer 41

anabolic, NADPH, ATP

Question 42

all amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in ___, the __ ___ __, and __ ___ ___

Answer 42

glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric cycle

Question 43

The precursors to amino acid biosynthesis are all missing ___. ___ and ___ are the sources of them

Answer 43

nitrogen, glutamine, glutamate

Question 44

alanine, __ and ___ are synthesized by transamination by a _______, while glutamine is synthesized by __ ___

Answer 44

aspartate, glutamate, aminotransferase, glutamine synthetase

Question 45

When arginine from dietary intake or __ __ is insufficient for protein synthesis, it can be synthesized via the ___ ___

Answer 45

protein turnover, urea cycle

Question 46

Proline is made from ___ in the urea cycle, which is metabolized to ____ ____. This product cyclizes to ______ and is ___ to proline

Answer 46

ornithine, glutamate y-semialdehyde, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, reduced

Question 47

Serine is synthesized from ________ from glycolysis. First this precursor is oxidized to ____, then transamination with ____ yields _____. Hydrolysis of the ____ yields serine

Answer 47

3-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, L-glutamate, 3-phosphoserine, phosphate

Question 48

Glycine can be synthesized from __ through a reaction catalyzed by ___ ___. The ____ is transferred to ___ creating ______

Answer 48

serine, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, beta-carbon, tetrahydrofolate, N5,N10-methylene

Question 49

Glycine can also be synthesized by __ ___ enzyme. The reactants are __, __ and one carbon unit from _____

Answer 49

glycine cleavage, CO2, NH4_, N5,N10-methylene

Question 50

Cysteine is made from ____ and ____ which make ____.This product transfers a ___ group to a number of acceptors forming ___. This product is hydrolyzed to ____. This product is combine with serine to make ______. Cleavage and removal of ____ from the product from cysteine

Answer 50

Met, ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, methyl, S-adenosylhomocysteine, homocysteine, cystathionine, NH4+

Question 51

Asparagine is made from ___, ___ and _____, and is catalyzed by asparagine synthetase

Answer 51

aspartate, glutamate, ATP

Question 52

Tyrosine is synthesized from ____ from ___ catlayzed by ___ ____

Answer 52

phenylalanine, hydroxylation, phenylalanine hydroxylase