Final W3

Question 1

Fatty acid synthesis is an ___ pathway in which complex biomolecules are produced from simple ___. This requires ___ and ____

Answer 1

anabolic, precursors, ATP, NADPH

Question 2

Biosynthesis of fatty acids occurs within the ___ of eukaryotic cells. This is a ___ process involving the addition of a ___ carbon unit during each cycle, which is derived from _____. There is a loss of ___ at each step

Answer 2

cytosol, cyclic, 2, malonyl-CoA, CO2

Question 3

in the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase’s ____ ___ domain catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group from ___ to ____ within the ____ ___ ____ domain. This requires ___. Then this protein transfers a carboxyl group to the ___ domain, which catalyzes the transfer of the group to acetyl-CoA, forming ____.

Answer 3

biotin carboxylase domain, HCO3, biotin, biotin carrier protein, ATP, transcarboxylase, malonyl-CoA

Question 4

fatty acid synthesis starts with the condensation of an ___ group and ____, producing a _____ ___. Then the reduction of this product produces an ___. The elimination of H2O creates a ___ bond, which is then reduced to form the ___ acyl group lengthened by __ carbons

Answer 4

acyl, malonyl-CoA, beta-keto acid, alcohol, double, saturated, 2

Question 5

Fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by ___ ___ ___, which has ___ active sites that lie on separate domains within a single large polypeptide. It functions as a ____. The domains within this enzyme function as distinct but __ enzymes. Intermediates remain ___ attached as ____ during the reaction mechanism.

Answer 5

fatty acid synthase, 7, homodimer, linked, covalently, thioesters

Question 6

There are two points of attachment on fatty acid synthase. One is the SH group of a __ residue in the ___ domain. The other is an SH group of the __ ___ ___

Answer 6

Cys, KS, acyl carrier protein

Question 7

The acyl carrier proteins tethers growing fatty acyl chains to the ____ and carriers the reaction ___ from active site to the next, acting as a flexible ____

Answer 7

enzyme, intermediates, shuttle

Question 8

First the ___ group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to the ACP and then to the __________ synthase. This is catalyzed by ______ ______.

Answer 8

acetyl, beta-ketoacyl-ACP, malonyl/acetyl-CoA-ACP transferase

Question 9

Then reduction of the carbonyl group at ___ to form _______ is catalyzed by _______ ____. The electron donor is ____

Answer 9

C3, D-beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP, beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, NADPH

Question 10

Elements of H2O are then removed from ___ and ___ to yield _______. This is catalyzed by _____ ___

Answer 10

C2, C3, trans-2-butenoyl-ACP, beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase

Question 11

Then reduction of the double bond yields ____ which is catalyzed by ________ ____. The electron donor is ___.

Answer 11

butyryl-ACP, enoyl-ACP reductase, NADPH

Question 12

during translocation, a ___ group is transferred from ___ to ___, which is catalyzed by ____.

Answer 12

butylryl, ACP, KS, MAT

Question 13

During recharging the malonyl group from ___ is linked to ___ which is catalyzed by ____

Answer 13

malonyl-CoA, ACP, MAT

Question 14

The FAS catalytic cycle continues until ___ (__) is synthesized. The product released by hydrolysis and is catalyzed by ____

Answer 14

palmitate, 16:0, thioesterase

Question 15

Most anabolic processes occur in the ___. This is supported by a high _____/_____ ratio

Answer 15

cytosol, NADPH/NADP+

Question 16

The acetyl-CoA generated is combined with ____ to make ___. This is catalyzed by _______ ____. This product will then cross the mitonchondrial membrane via the __ ____. Once in the cytosol, __ __ generates acetyl-CoA and __, while __ ___ generates ____ from oxaloacetate.

Answer 16

oxaloacetate, citrate, citrate synthase, citrate transporter, citrate lyase, oxaloacetate, malate dehydrogenase, malate

Question 17

Malate can cross the mitochondrial membrane via the ______ transporter and be oxidized to ____, or it can by oxidized to ____, enter the mitochondria via the ___ transporter, and be made into ______ by pyruvate ____

Answer 17

malate-alpha-keto-glutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, carboxylase

Question 18

___ is the precursor for other long-chain fatty acids. However, it can be lengthened to form ___ and longer ____ fatty acids. This is catalyzed by ___ __ ___ ___

Answer 18

palmitate, stearate, saturated, fatty acid elongation systems

Question 19

palmitate and stearate are precursors to ____ and ___, which are both unsaturated.. Both have a double bond between __ and ____, which is introduced by an ___ reaction catalyzed by ___ ___ ___

Answer 19

palmitoleate, oleate, C9, C10, oxidative, fatty acyl-CoA desaturase

Question 20

To make palmitoleate and oleate, fatty acid and NADPH undergo ___ electron oxidations. The path of electron flow includes a ____ __ and a ______ ___ ____ flavoprotein. This occurs in the _____ ____.

Answer 20

2, cytochrome b5, cytochrome b5 reductase, smooth ER

Question 21

____ and ___ are important omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Both are precursors to a wide range of ___ fatty acids that function as ___ molecules. Mammals cannot synthesize either thus are required as essential fatty acids in ____

Answer 21

alpha-linolenate, linoleate, unsaturated, signalling, diet

Question 22

Eicosanoids are synthesized in response to stimuli such as __ and ___. ___ __ catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ___ bond, releasing ___ from a glycerophospholipid. ___ will metabolize this product to _____, which is a precursor to other __ and ___.

Answer 22

chemokines, cytokines, phospholipase A2, ester, arachidonate, COX, PGH2, prostagladins, thromboxanes

Question 23

vasodilators the mediate inflammation and pain

Answer 23

prostaglandins

Question 24

vasoconstrictors that mediate blood clotting

Answer 24

thromboxanes

Question 25

an irreversible COX inhibitor

Answer 25

aspirin

Question 26

a reversible competitive inhibitor of COX

Answer 26

ibuprofen

Question 27

L-glycerol 3 phosphate is a precursor for ___ and __. Most are derived from ___ ___, a glycolysis intermediate. A small fraction is derived from ___ released during breakdown of TAGs in adipose tissue

Answer 27

TAGs, glycerophospholipids, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glycerol

Question 28

In TAGs, phosphatidic acid is hydrolyzed by ___ ___ __ to form ______, which are then converted to TAGS by _____ with a third fatty acyl-CoA

Answer 28

phosphatidic acid phosphatase, 1,2-diacylgylerol, transesterification

Question 29

In glycerophospholipids, the ___ headgroup is attached to the diacylgylcerol by a ___ bond

Answer 29

polar, phosphodiester

Question 30

The __ pathway describes the synthesis of glycerophospholipids. One __ is first activated by the attachment of __ ___. ___ ___ is then displaced by nucleophilic attack by the other hydroxyl. The polar head group os linked to diaglycerol through a ___ bond

Answer 30

kennedy, hydroxyl, cytidine diphosphate, phosphodiester

Question 31

In _____ nucleophilic attack by phosphatidylgylcerol displaces CMP. In ____, nucleophilic attack by ___ displaces CMP

Answer 31

cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol

Question 32

In sphingolipid synthesis, the condensation of ___ and ____ forms beta-ketosphinganine. Reduction by NADPH yields ____. Attachment of a fatty acid in ___ linkage forms ____. Desaturation will then form ______ (___). Then the head group is attached

Answer 32

palmitoyl-CoA, serine, sphinganine, amide, N-acylsphinganine, acetylsphingosine, ceramide