Final W3 Flashcards
Fatty acid synthesis is an ___ pathway in which complex biomolecules are produced from simple ___. This requires ___ and ____
anabolic, precursors, ATP, NADPH
Biosynthesis of fatty acids occurs within the ___ of eukaryotic cells. This is a ___ process involving the addition of a ___ carbon unit during each cycle, which is derived from _____. There is a loss of ___ at each step
cytosol, cyclic, 2, malonyl-CoA, CO2
in the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase’s ____ ___ domain catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group from ___ to ____ within the ____ ___ ____ domain. This requires ___. Then this protein transfers a carboxyl group to the ___ domain, which catalyzes the transfer of the group to acetyl-CoA, forming ____.
biotin carboxylase domain, HCO3, biotin, biotin carrier protein, ATP, transcarboxylase, malonyl-CoA
fatty acid synthesis starts with the condensation of an ___ group and ____, producing a _____ ___. Then the reduction of this product produces an ___. The elimination of H2O creates a ___ bond, which is then reduced to form the ___ acyl group lengthened by __ carbons
acyl, malonyl-CoA, beta-keto acid, alcohol, double, saturated, 2
Fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by ___ ___ ___, which has ___ active sites that lie on separate domains within a single large polypeptide. It functions as a ____. The domains within this enzyme function as distinct but __ enzymes. Intermediates remain ___ attached as ____ during the reaction mechanism.
fatty acid synthase, 7, homodimer, linked, covalently, thioesters
There are two points of attachment on fatty acid synthase. One is the SH group of a __ residue in the ___ domain. The other is an SH group of the __ ___ ___
Cys, KS, acyl carrier protein
The acyl carrier proteins tethers growing fatty acyl chains to the ____ and carriers the reaction ___ from active site to the next, acting as a flexible ____
enzyme, intermediates, shuttle
First the ___ group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to the ACP and then to the __________ synthase. This is catalyzed by ______ ______.
acetyl, beta-ketoacyl-ACP, malonyl/acetyl-CoA-ACP transferase
Then reduction of the carbonyl group at ___ to form _______ is catalyzed by _______ ____. The electron donor is ____
C3, D-beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP, beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, NADPH
Elements of H2O are then removed from ___ and ___ to yield _______. This is catalyzed by _____ ___
C2, C3, trans-2-butenoyl-ACP, beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase
Then reduction of the double bond yields ____ which is catalyzed by ________ ____. The electron donor is ___.
butyryl-ACP, enoyl-ACP reductase, NADPH
during translocation, a ___ group is transferred from ___ to ___, which is catalyzed by ____.
butylryl, ACP, KS, MAT
During recharging the malonyl group from ___ is linked to ___ which is catalyzed by ____
malonyl-CoA, ACP, MAT
The FAS catalytic cycle continues until ___ (__) is synthesized. The product released by hydrolysis and is catalyzed by ____
palmitate, 16:0, thioesterase
Most anabolic processes occur in the ___. This is supported by a high _____/_____ ratio
cytosol, NADPH/NADP+
The acetyl-CoA generated is combined with ____ to make ___. This is catalyzed by _______ ____. This product will then cross the mitonchondrial membrane via the __ ____. Once in the cytosol, __ __ generates acetyl-CoA and __, while __ ___ generates ____ from oxaloacetate.
oxaloacetate, citrate, citrate synthase, citrate transporter, citrate lyase, oxaloacetate, malate dehydrogenase, malate
Malate can cross the mitochondrial membrane via the ______ transporter and be oxidized to ____, or it can by oxidized to ____, enter the mitochondria via the ___ transporter, and be made into ______ by pyruvate ____
malate-alpha-keto-glutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, carboxylase
___ is the precursor for other long-chain fatty acids. However, it can be lengthened to form ___ and longer ____ fatty acids. This is catalyzed by ___ __ ___ ___
palmitate, stearate, saturated, fatty acid elongation systems
palmitate and stearate are precursors to ____ and ___, which are both unsaturated.. Both have a double bond between __ and ____, which is introduced by an ___ reaction catalyzed by ___ ___ ___
palmitoleate, oleate, C9, C10, oxidative, fatty acyl-CoA desaturase
To make palmitoleate and oleate, fatty acid and NADPH undergo ___ electron oxidations. The path of electron flow includes a ____ __ and a ______ ___ ____ flavoprotein. This occurs in the _____ ____.
2, cytochrome b5, cytochrome b5 reductase, smooth ER
____ and ___ are important omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Both are precursors to a wide range of ___ fatty acids that function as ___ molecules. Mammals cannot synthesize either thus are required as essential fatty acids in ____
alpha-linolenate, linoleate, unsaturated, signalling, diet
Eicosanoids are synthesized in response to stimuli such as __ and ___. ___ __ catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ___ bond, releasing ___ from a glycerophospholipid. ___ will metabolize this product to _____, which is a precursor to other __ and ___.
chemokines, cytokines, phospholipase A2, ester, arachidonate, COX, PGH2, prostagladins, thromboxanes
vasodilators the mediate inflammation and pain
prostaglandins
vasoconstrictors that mediate blood clotting
thromboxanes
