Final W1

Question 1

A small water insoluble biomolecule

Answer 1

lipid

Question 2

Fatty acids are the primary lipids involved in ___ and energy ____. They are _____ and a ___ form of carbon. The hydrocarbon tail can be ___ or ____.

Answer 2

energy, storage, amphipathic, reduced, saturated, unsaturated

Question 3

All naturally occurring fatty acids contain a hydrophilic ____ group and a hydrophobic ___ chain. The chains are ___ carbons long, ____ and contain an ___ number of carbons. Most of the unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds at ____, ___ or ____ carbon position. The double bonds are almost almost never ___. All double bonds are ___

Answer 3

carboxyl, hydrocarbon, 12-24, 9, 12, 15, conjugated, cis

Question 4

The physical properties of fatty acids are determined by the length and degree of ____ of the hydrocarbon chain. ____ fatty acids are solids are room temperature. Free ____ around C-C bonds and fully ____ conformation is the most stable. Acyl chains pack tightly, facilitating ___ __ ___ interactions

Answer 4

unsaturation, saturated, rotation, extended, van der waals

Question 5

Unsaturated fatty acids are ___ at room temperature. The cis double bond forms a ___ within the hydrocarbon chain. The unsaturated fatty acids pack less tightly and interactions between neighboring acyl chains are ____

Answer 5

liquids, kink, weaker

Question 6

Triacylglycerols are the _____ from fatty acids. The ___ fatty acids are in a ____ linkage with a molecule of ___. TAGs are ____ molecules ____ in H2O

Answer 6

simplest, 3, ester, glycerol, hydrophobic, insoluble

Question 7

Triacylglycerols form ___ ___ within the ___ serving as deposits of metabolic fuel. ____ store large amounts of TAG within fat droplets that nearly fill the cell. ___ polar animals store TAGs under the skin can ___ against low temperatures

Answer 7

oily droplets, cytosol, adipocytes, warm-blooded, insulate

Question 8

TAG’s carbon atoms are more ___ as compared to carbon atoms within sugars. This gives ______kj/mol of energy from fat vs ____kj/mol of energy from carbohydrates. They are also _____ and _____, which means they are do not have excess ____g/g hydration weight that limits storage capacity

Answer 8

reduced, 38, 17, hydrophobic, unsaturated, 2

Question 9

Most ___ fats are complex mixtures of simple and mixed TAGs. Olive oil has a high proportion of long chain _____ fatty acids, making it liquid at room temperature. Butter has a higher proportion of long chain _____ fatty acids, making it a soft solid at RT and beef fat has very high proportion of long chain saturated fatty acids, making it a ___ solid at room temperature

Answer 9

natural, unsaturated, saturated, hard

Question 10

Glycerophospholipids have ___ fatty acids (that vary) attached via an ___ linkage to the first and second carbons within ______. A highly ___ head group is attached through a _____ linkage to the _____ carbon within the same molecule, and to a ___ ____. The head group can be ___, ___ or __

Answer 10

2,ester, glycerol-3-phosphate, charged, phosphodiester, 3rd, phosphatidic acid, negative, positive, neutral

Question 11

Sphingolipids are a large class of membrane ___ and _____. A fatty acid is attached at ___ by an ___ linkage to _____ , to form the parent compound ___. The polar headgroup is joined through ____ or ___ linkage

Answer 11

glycolipids, phospholipids, C2, amide, sphingosine, ceramide, glycosidic, phosphodiester

Question 12

sphingolipid where the head group is phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

Answer 12

sphingomyelins

Question 13

sphingolipid where the head group contains one or more sugars bound to ceramide in glycosidic linkage

Answer 13

glycosphingolipids

Question 14

Sphingolipids that have a head group contains complex oligosaccharides

Answer 14

gangliosides

Question 15

Glycosphingolipids are often enriched on the ___ surface of the cell membrane and play a role in ____ __ and ___ ___. Glycosphingolipid structure on the surface of ___ detemines blood type

Answer 15

extracellular, cell recognition, cell-to-cell signalling, erthrocytes

Question 16

Sterols are ___ compounds with the general formula ________. The structure contains the ___ steroid ___ with ___ fused rings

Answer 16

organic, C17H28O, rigid, nucleus, 4

Question 17

___ is the primary sterol synthesized by animals. They are important components of __ __ and a ___ to many other molecules

Answer 17

cholesterol, cell membranes, precursor

Question 18

Phosphatidylinositols are a ___ component of the ___ side of the cell membrane. ___ _____ cleaves these compounds to generate second messengers __ , which activates ____ channels, and ___, which activates ____. PKC ____ cellular targets mediating diverse effects

Answer 18

minor, cytoplasmic, phospholipase C, IP3, Ca2+, DAG, PKC, phosphorylates

Question 19

Eicosanoids are __ and ___ signalling molecules that are synthesized from ___ and other ____ fatty acids. They are involved in _____, ___, ___, pain, blood ____, and blood ____.

Answer 19

autocrine, paracrine, arachidonate, polyunsaturated, reproduction, inflammation, fever, clotting, pressure

Question 20

Steroids are ____ derivatives of sterols and include ___, ___ and ____. Steroid hormones diffuse into target tissues where they bind highly ____ ___ ___ to regulate changes in gene ____

Answer 20

oxidized, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, specific nuclear receptors, expression

Question 21

Spheres of 10-1000s amphipathic molecules made of free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and detergents

Answer 21

micelle

Question 22

2 lipid monolayers that form a 2D sheet, made of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

Answer 22

bilayer

Question 23

Membranes that eliminates hydrophobic edges within flat bilayer structures

Answer 23

vesicle / liposome

Question 24

Across an artificial bilayer, the nonpolar alkyl core extends ____ nm from the center followed by fatty acid ___, ___, ____ and ____. Biological membranes are ____ nm thick due to ___ protruding from either side of the lipid bilayer

Answer 24

1.5, carbonyl, glycerol, phosphate, choline, 5-8, proteins

Question 25

Phospholipids form a ___ in which proteins are embedded. The bilayer is ___, ___ and _____. The lipids and proteins form a ___ ___. The bilayer also exhibits __ and ____ asymmetry

Answer 25

bilayer, semipermeable, flexible, self-repairing, fluid mosaic, functional, structural

Question 26

a liquid ordered state or ____, is favored at ___ temperatures and by __ ___ ___ fatty acids. All __ of individual molecules is ___

Answer 26

LO, low, long chain saturated, motion, constrained

Question 27

A liquid disordered state or ___ is favored at ____ temperatures and by __ ___ ___ fatty acids. The hydrocarbon chains are in __ motion

Answer 27

LD, high, short chain unsaturated, constant

Question 28

Individual lipid molecules can move ___ within the plane of the membrane. This is proved by the moving of ____ lipid molecules during _____

Answer 28

laterally, unbleached, FRAP

Question 29

Cells have mechanisms to target specific lipids to particular ____. Specific tissues, cell types and organelles have characteristic ___ of lipids. The functional significance of lipid compositions and ___ is largely unknown

Answer 29

organelles, sets, distribution

Question 30

Membrane lipids are ____ distributed across the two leaflets of the bilayer. Membrane ___ results in changes in lipid composition and distribution

Answer 30

asymmetrically, trafficking

Question 31

Membrane ___ are lipid microdomains that form within the ____ leaflet of the cell membrane. They are rich in ___ ___ fatty acids and ____. They facilitate ___ ___ of specific membrane receptors and signaling proteins

Answer 31

rafts, outer, long saturated, cholesterol, transient segregation