FInal W2

Question 1

The advantages of lipids as a storage is that it is a highly ___ form of carbon, stored without ___, does not result in an increase in ____, and it’s ___ means its stable as a storage molecule

Answer 1

reduced, hydration, osmolarity, inertness

Question 2

Disadvantages of lipids as storage is that it’s insolubility requires _____ and ___, and the stable C-C bonds require _____

Answer 2

emulsification, transport, activation

Question 3

When dietary fats are ingested, they are emulsified into ___ by __ ___. Then intestinal ____ hydrolyze TAGs to free fatty acids and _____. These products are then transported into intestinal ____, where TAGs are resynthesized and packaged into ____.

Answer 3

micelles, bile salts, lipases, monoglycerols, enterocytes, chylomicrons

Question 4

Lipids are ___ within the aqueous digestive contents. Bile salts are __ ___ that make lipids into micelles. The ___ bonds within the TAG orient themselves at the micelle ___ increasing accessibility by lipases

Answer 4

insoluble, amphipathic emulsifiers, ester, surface

Question 5

macromolecular complexes of specific carrier proteins and various combinations of phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters and TAGs

Answer 5

lipoproteins

Question 6

Chlyomicrons transport dietary ____ to ___ tissues. They have a ___ core rich in TAG and a ____ surface containing ____ and ____

Answer 6

TAGs, peripheral, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, phospholipids, apolipoproteins

Question 7

Chylomicrons are then transported to peripheral tissues through the ___. At target tissues, TAGs are ___ to free FAs and ____. These products are taken up by the cells. FAs are stored in _____ tissue or ___ in ____ for energy

Answer 7

blood, hydrolyzed, monoacylgylcerol, adipose, oxidized, muscle

Question 8

Lipids are stored in __ ___ within adipocytes. Lipid droplets contain a ___ core of TAG and ____ _____ surrounded by a monolayer of ____. The surface of the lipid droplets are coated with ___ which function to restrict ____.

Answer 8

lipid droplets, hydrophobic sterol esters, phospholipids, perilipins, mobilization

Question 9

When we need to use fat stored in adipose tissue, ___ binds to receptors on the adipocyte. ___ ___produces cAMP which activates PKA. This phosphorylates ____ and perilipin. ___ dissociates from perilipin and ____ metabolize TAG to glycerol and free FAs. These products are then transported by __ __ in blood. They then dissociate from them and enter target cells through ___ ___ ___. The free FAs are then ___ for fuel in target cells

Answer 9

glucagon, adenylyl cyclase, HSL, CGI-58, serum albumin, plasma membrane transporters, oxidized

Question 10

Very low density lipoproteins or ____, are rich in TAG and transport ___ lipids from the ___ to peripheral tissues

Answer 10

VLDL, endogenous, liver

Question 11

Low density proteins or _____, transport ___ and _____ between the liver and peripheral tissues

Answer 11

LDL, cholesterol, cholesterol esters

Question 12

High density lipoproteins or ____, transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from ___ tissues back to the liver

Answer 12

HDL, extrahepatic

Question 13

Each class of lipoprotein has a specific function which is determined by its point of ___, lipid ____ and ___ content

Answer 13

synthesis, composition, apolipoprotein

Question 14

Describes the transport of dietary lipids within chylomicrons to extrahepactic tissues and uptake of chylomicron remnants in liver

Answer 14

exogenous pathway

Question 15

after free FAs are released into tissues, chylomicron remnants are ___ by the __ and degraded within ____.

Answer 15

endocytosed, liver, lysosomes

Question 16

describes the transport of lipids between the liver and peripheral tissues by VLDL and LDL

Answer 16

endogenous pathway

Question 17

Excess lipids are ___ to TAG and __ ___ within the liver, p into ____ the blood. __ catalyze the release of free FAs which are taken up by peripheral tissues for ___ or energy. The loss of TAG from VLDL produces ____ which bind to receptors within ___ tissues, mediating uptake. The ones not uptaken return to the ____

Answer 17

metabolized, cholesterol esters, lipases, storage, LDL, peripheral, liver

Question 18

Describes the transport of excess cholesterol in extrahepatic tissues back to the liver as HDL

Answer 18

reverse cholesterol transport

Question 19

HDL is produced by the _____ and accumulates ____ ____ from chylomicron and ___ remnants and ____ cells. HDL returns cholesterol esters to the ____, while some are transferred to ___ by cholesterol ester __ ____

Answer 19

liver, cholesterol esters, VLDL, extrahepatic, liver, LDL, transfer protein

Question 20

describes the synthesis, secretion, and reabsorption of bile salts by the liver and gallbladder

Answer 20

enterohepatic circulation

Question 21

Catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters from cholesterol and lecithin

Answer 21

LCAT

Question 22

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances on artery walls forming a plaque that restricts blood flow or bursts, leading to a blood clot

Answer 22

atherosclerosis

Question 23

Oxidation of fatty acids is a central ____ pathway in many organisms and tissues. ___% of daily energy requires are provided by dietary ____

Answer 23

energy-yielding, 40, TAG

Question 24

Free fatty acids in the cytosol are activated by _____ ____ ____ to form fatty acyl-CoA. The formation of this product is made energetically favorable by hydrolysis of 2 high energy ______ _____. Fatty acyl-CoAs can be transported into the _____ and oxidized or used within the cytosol to synthesize ___ _____. The overall reaction has a gibbs free energy of _____kj/mol

Answer 24

fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, phosphodiester bonds, mitochondria, membrane lipids, -34

Question 25

Fatty acyl-CoA destined for mitochondria must be attached to ___ to be shuttled across the inner mitochondrial _____. This product is transported through the ____/___ ____

Answer 25

carnitine, acyl-carnitine, carnitine cotransporter

Question 26

Oxidation of fatty acids occurs in 3 stages. In ____ ___ fatty acids undergo oxidative removal or ___ units to form acetyl-CoA. In the citric acid cycle, acetyl-coa is oxidized to ____. In oxidative phosphorylation, reduced __ __ are oxidized in the ETC driving synthesis of ___

Answer 26

beta oxidation, 2C, CO2, electron carriers, ATP

Question 27

The first step of beta oxidation is the ___ of fatty acyl-CoA, producing a ____ bond between alpha and beta carbons, producing _______. This is catalyzed by ____ ____.

Answer 27

dehydrogenation, double, trans-2-enoyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA dehydrogenases

Question 28

In step 2 of the beta oxidation pathway, ___ is added across the double bond between the alpha and beta carbons to form ________. This is catalyzed by _____

Answer 28

H2O, L-beta-hydroxy-acyl-CoA, enoyl-CoA hydratase

Question 29

In step 3 of beta oxidation, L-beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA is dehydrogenated to form ____. This is catalyzed by ____ -___

Answer 29

beta-ketoacyl-CoA, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA, dehydrogenase

Question 30

In step 4 of beta oxidation, beta-ketoacyl-CoA reacts with a molecule of free ___ forming ___ and ___, shortened by ___ carbons from the ___ end

Answer 30

CoA, acetyl-CoA, acyl-CoA, 2, carboxyl

Question 31

The single bonds between ____ groups within fatty acids are relatively ____. Acyl-CoAs have an alpha carbon bound to 2 ____ carbons, which makes the beta carbon a good target for ___ attack, and ______ a good leaving group

Answer 31

methylene, stable, carbonyl, nucleophilic, CH2COCoA

Question 32

Complete oxidation of ____ fatty acids requires additional reactions

Answer 32

unsaturated

Question 33

___ chain fatty acid oxidation yields _____ and _____. The latter is metabolized by a separate pathway within the ___ ____

Answer 33

odd, acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, mitochondrial matrix

Question 34

propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to form _____. This is catalyzed by ____ ___ and requires ATP. Then ______ is enzymatically epimerized to _____ catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. Then L-methylmalonyl-CoA is rearranged to ____, catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and enters the citric acid cycle

Answer 34

methylmalonyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, D-methylmalonyl-CoA, L-stereoisomer, succinyl-CoA

Question 35

within mammals, ___ are much more active on long chain fatty acids and ______ chain fatty acids. The pathways are similar except the first oxidation produces ___. Several ____ ____ are unique to this organelle

Answer 35

peroxisomes, branched, H2O2, auxiliary enzymes

Question 36

the glycerol released by lipases are metabolized to _______ and enters __ in the liver

Answer 36

D-glyceraldehyde, glycolysis