Final Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Containment
A
U.S. policy of preventing the spread of Communism in Europe
Proposed by George Kennan***
2
Q
Collective Security
A
Reliance on a group of nations for protection against foreign aggressors vs just their own self defense
3
Q
Phyllis Schafly
A
Conservative female political activist, campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment (applied to workforce, disadvantage to housewives, women would be drafted), critical about U.S. arms control agreement with Soviets, against feminism and abortion
4
Q
Bakke v Univ. of CA
A
Ruling: colleges using racial quotas in admission process = unconstitutional, affirmative action programs (equal opportunity) = constitutional in some cases, race can be considered by no quotas
5
Q
Watergate
A
1970’s political scandal: Nixon admin cover up, illegal activities: hired “goons” broke into the Democratic National Committee Headquarters. This scandal revealed Nixon admin abuse of power, forcing him to resign. Result: people lost faith in the gov
6
Q
Counter-Culture
A
Hippies turned their back on the gov bc the war (Vietnam) = bad. Peace and love man. They mainly lived in San Francisco because colorful clothes and available drugs, man
7
Q
Immigration laws 1965
A
Hart-Celler Act (Immigration & Nationality Act) ended the National Origins Formula created by the Emergency Quota Act 1921
8
Q
Massive Retaliation
A
Eisenhower admin defense policy 1950’s, response to any foreign act of aggression = “massive retaliation” (nuclear warfare)
9
Q
Space Race
A
Cold War competition between 2 superpowers: U.S. & Soviet Union (supremacy, spaceflight capacity) (Sputnik vs Man on Moon)
10
Q
Arms Race
A
Nations competing for superiority by developing and accumulating weapons (Ex: US vs USSR Cold War era, also WWI)
11
Q
Decolonization
A
Undoing colonization (decreasing domination over territories). Popular with the US & USSR during the Cold War (and the development of the United Nations)
12
Q
Suez Crisis
A
Nasser (Egyptian president) nationalized Suez Canal (previously owned by Britain & France), Israel invades Egypt 1965, followed by Britain and France. UN forced Britain to leave = I) Britain; no longer a superpower, oil = increased importance in world affairs
13
Q
OPEC
A
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; it coordinates and unifies the rate of petroleum (stabilizes the petroleum market / economy) between 13 Middle Eastern countries
14
Q
Military-Industrial Complex
A
(MIC) = informal alliance between a nation’s military and arms industry (has the ability to influence public policy). Eisenhower’s farewell address warned the US to be careful about the relationship between the nation’s military, politics, and economy
15
Q
Fannie Lou Hamer
A
African American female: voting rights activist, Civil Rights leader, Mississippian philanthropist membet of SN
16
Q
John Lewis
A
Leader:(encouraged by Wagner Act)
United Mine Workers, Committee of Industrialized Organization (CIO) within AFL (eventually broke away)
17
Q
Thurgood Marshall
A
African American, civil rights lawyer, associate justice of supreme court
18
Q
Civil Rights Act 1964
A
Segregation = illegal in ALL public facilities, federal gov = power to ENFORCE desegregation (ex schools). Led to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (end discrimination in employment)
19
Q
Betty Friedan
A
Writer, activist, feminist. The Feminine Mystique 1963 = second wave of feminism (20th century)
20
Q
Gloria Steinman
A
Leader / spokesperson for the women’s liberation movement, late 1960-1970s
21
Q
Dean Acheson
A
Helped designed the Marshall Plan and other anti communist thingys but then Secretary of State, was charged by McCarthy to have knowingly employed 205 Communist members but again, was not proven.
22
Q
Truman Doctrine
A
Think of Thanksgiving, the US gave money to Turkey and Greece to help them avoid the temptations of communism.
23
Q
Marshall Plan
A
After the success of the Truman Doctrine, the US offered aid to all nations trying to fight communism.
24
Q
NATO
A
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, they were all united and promised to fight communism. They were the opposite of the Warsaw Pact.
25
NSC-68
A secret military paper that allowed for a larger military budget and the creation of the hydrogen bomb.
26
Smith Act 1940
Made it illegal to want to overthrow the government and spread these type of rebellious ideas. Also made noncitizen adults in the US register with the government.
27
Dennis v US
The leader of the Communist party of the US was not given his rights from the First Amendment because he was not allowed to talk about overthrowing the government. The Supreme Court stood behind the Smith Act in the ruling.
28
HUAC
House Un- American Activities Committee was responsible for investigating both government officials and private citizens and essuring that these people did not have Communist ties.
29
Blacklist
A person accused of being a Communist couldn’t get a job.
30
McCarthyism
Senator McCarthy accused random people of being communists during the Second Red Scare
31
Whittaker Chambers
An editor and former Communist who accused Alger Hiss (State Dept. during FDR days) of giving govt. secrets to Russians, convicted of perjury.
32
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. (Pumpkin Papers)
33
Loyalty Review Board
Established by Truman, investigated alleged communists holding government jobs.
34
Adlai Stevenson
The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.
35
John Foster Dulles
Served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world.
36
Brinkmanship
The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and encourage one's opponent to back down. Eisenhower’s foreign policy.
37
Geneva Conference
A conference after the Korean War that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
38
Domino Theory
Keeping satellite nations from falling to Communism so that it wouldn’t create a domino effect and turn more nations to Communism (if you are confused on the concept of a general domino effect, ask me how I broke my arm the first time)
39
Eisenhower Doctrine
Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.
40
Warsaw Pact
The Communist version of NATO, a group of nations that wanted to protect Communism and encourage it in other nations.
41
U-2 Incident
A US aircraft was shot down over Russia, make the Soviets trust the US even less.
42
Earl Warren
Lead the Supreme Court in decisions which ended segregation, such as Brown v. Board of Education
43
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was founded by MLK, taught that Civil Rights could be achieved through nonviolence.
44
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, founded by young black students who wanted immediate change, they would often plan sit ins and other nonviolent protests.
45
Operation Wetback
A program set up to deport 1 million illegal Mexican workers. This was supported by the Mexican government.
46
Warren Commission
Was established to investigate the assassination of JFK.
47
New Frontier
Used by JFK to promote progressive ideas while entering the 1960s.
48
Flexible Response
Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms.
49
Michael Harrington
An American democratic socialist, writer, author of The Other America, political activist, political theorist, professor of political science, radio commentator and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He coined the term neoconservatism.
50
Barry Goldwater
1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.
51
Rachel Carson
American conservationist whose 1962 book "Silent Spring" galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s
52
Ralph Nader
A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles
53
24th Amend.
Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax. (1964)
54
George Wallace
Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat[2] and "Jim Crow" positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
55
Malcolm X
Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.
56
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights
57
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing "black power."
58
Watts Riots
1965, The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them.
59
DeFacto Segregation
Prominently in the North; racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. Was harder to overcome than "de joure segregation"
60
DeJure Segregation
separation of people on the basis of race as required by by law
61
Kerner Commission
created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 60s race riots. It blames the riots on an "explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end school segregation
62
Mapp v Ohio
(1961) *Right to Privacy
Whether denying federal forces without a warrant and then being bombarded violated her rights. Court ruled her 4th and 14th amendments were violated.
63
Gideon v Wainwright
Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right
64
Escobedo v IL
1964 Police must honor a person's request to have an attorney present during interrogation
65
Thomas Dewey
The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Everyone thought he would win. Newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment.
66
George Kennan
Smart dude who was the first one to introduce the term containment when referring to communism.
67
Dean Acheson
Helped designed the Marshall Plan and other anti communist thingys but then Secretary of State, was charged by McCarthy to have knowingly employed 205 Communist members but again, was not proven.
68
Truman Doctrine
Think of Thanksgiving, the US gave money to Turkey and Greece to help them avoid the temptations of communism.
69
Marshall Plan
After the success of the Truman Doctrine, the US offered aid to all nations trying to fight communism.
70
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, they were all united and promised to fight communism. They were the opposite of the Warsaw Pact.
71
NSC-68
A secret military paper that allowed for a larger military budget and the creation of the hydrogen bomb.
72
Smith Act 1940
Made it illegal to want to overthrow the government and spread these type of rebellious ideas. Also made noncitizen adults in the US register with the government.
73
Dennis v US
The leader of the Communist party of the US was not given his rights from the First Amendment because he was not allowed to talk about overthrowing the government. The Supreme Court stood behind the Smith Act in the ruling.
74
HUAC
House Un- American Activities Committee was responsible for investigating both government officials and private citizens and ensuring that these people did not have Communist ties.
75
Blacklist
A person accused of being a Communist couldn’t get a job.
76
McCarthyism
Senator McCarthy accused random people of being communists during the Second Red Scare
77
Whittaker Chambers
An editor and former Communist who accused Alger Hiss (State Dept. during FDR days) of giving govt. secrets to Russians, convicted of perjury.
78
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. (Pumpkin Papers)
79
Loyalty Review Board
Established by Truman, investigated alleged communists holding government jobs
80
Adlai Stevenson
The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.
81
John Foster Dulles
Served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world.
82
Brinkmanship
The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and encourage one's opponent to back down. Eisenhower’s foreign policy.
83
Geneva Conference
A conference after the Korean War that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
84
Domino Theory
Keeping satellite nations from falling to Communism so that it wouldn’t create a domino effect and turn more nations to Communism (if you are confused on the concept of a general domino effect, ask me how I broke my arm the first time)
85
Eisenhower Doctrine
Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.
86
Warsaw Pact
The Communist version of NATO, a group of nations that wanted to protect Communism and encourage it in other nations.
87
U-2 Incident
A US aircraft was shot down over Russia, make the Soviets trust the US even less.
88
Earl Warren
Lead the Supreme Court in decisions which ended segregation, such as Brown v. Board of Education
89
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was founded by MLK, taught that Civil Rights could be achieved through nonviolence.
90
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, founded by young black students who wanted immediate change, they would often plan sit ins and other nonviolent protests.
91
Operation Wetback
A program set up to deport 1 million illegal Mexican workers. This was supported by the Mexican government.
92
Warren Commission
Was established to investigate the assassination of JFK.
93
New Frontier
Used by JFK to promote progressive ideas while entering the 1960s.
94
Flexible Response
Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms.
95
Michael Harrington
An American democratic socialist, writer, author of The Other America, political activist, political theorist, professor of political science, radio commentator and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He coined the term neoconservatism.
96
Barry Goldwater
1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.
97
Rachel Carson
American conservationist whose 1962 book "Silent Spring" galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s
98
Ralph Nader
A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.
99
24th Amend.
Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax. (1964)
100
George Wallace
Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat[2] and "Jim Crow" positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
101
Malcolm X
Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.
102
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights
103
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing "black power."
104
Watts Riots
1965, The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them.
105
De Facto Segregation
Prominently in the North; racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. Was harder to overcome than "de jure segregation"
106
De Jure Segregation
separation of people on the basis of race as required by by law
107
Kerner Commission
Created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 60s race riots. It blames the riots on an "explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end school segregation
108
Mapp v Ohio
(1961) *Right to Privacy
Whether denying federal forces without a warrant and then being bombarded violated her rights. Court ruled her 4th and 14th amendments were violated.
109
Gideon v Wainwright
Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right.
110
Escobedo v IL
1964 Police must honor a person's request to have an attorney present during interrogation
111
Reapportionment
In this, before 1962, it was common for at least one house of a state legislature to be based upon the drawing of district lines that strongly favoured rural areas to the disadvantage of large cities.
112
Baker v Carr
The landmark case that ruled that the policies and practices of reapportionment were unconstitutional.
113
Yates v US
(1957) *Free Speech
Whether being a member of a communist party, but not taking any real action violates the Smith Act. Court rules no real action took place, and convictions were reversed.
114
Engel v Vitale
(1962) *School Prayers
Parents challenge public school requirement to recite a prayer at school. Court rules that the government has no right to force prayer.
115
New Left
In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.
116
Weathermen
An offshoot of SDS (students for a democratic society), they were responsible for a few cases of arson and bombing that destroyed campus buildings and claimed several lives.
117
Alfred Kinsey
wrote "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male"(1948) and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female"(1958); these shocked many people, looked at sex in primarily physical terms and broadened the terms of sexual behavior allowed by consenting adults in private (ooh frisky frisky)
118
NOW
The NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN was formed in 1966 and functions to advocate for and raise public awareness of women's issues. NOW was a central part of the women's liberation movement in the 1960s.
119
ERA
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT; proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions
120
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
121
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
122
Hawks
called for intensification of the Vietnam conflict
123
Doves
wanted de-escalation or withdrawal
124
Hubert Humphrey
Vice president whose loyalty to LBJ's Vietnam policies sent him down to defeat in the 1968 presidential election; LBJ's vice president and McCarthy's opposition in 1968 primary after LBJ stepped down. He won the Democratic nomination but not the presidency, strong civil rights activist from Minnesota
125
Henry Kissinger
A Harvard professor whom Nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs. He quickly established dominance over Secretary of States and Defense. This man and Nixon set out to find an acceptable solution to the stalemate in Vietnam.
126
Nixon Doctrine
Created during the Vietnam War. Stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.
127
Vietnamization
Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual takeover of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice.
128
SALT 1
SALT I was a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.
129
New Federalism
President Nixon's program to return power and tax dollars to the states and cities; the key aspect was revenue sharing, which distributed $30 billion in revenues to the states. Political philosophy of devolution, or of transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states.
130
Stagflation
During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation (slow economic growth) of its industrial growth.
131
Southern strategy
(1972)Nixon re-election campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement.
132
Title IX
A part of the Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government.
133
George McGovern
Democratic Senator running against Nixon on antiwar platform in 1972 election, he lost in a landslide; (more info): A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.
134
US v Nixon
The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions;(1974) The court rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.
135
War Powers Act
(1973) This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for overseas troop presence.
136
“Imperial Presidency”
Easy definition: 1970s. The term defines a president who assumes too much responsibility and power, and doesn't consult Congress. Nixon evaded Congress with the aid of Kissinger, and Carter didn't seek its approval.
Detailed: The term "imperial presidency" referred to the view that the office of the presidency underwent an evolution over time and that Watergate must be seen in the context of a much larger pattern of presidential usurpation of power (especially in the area of international relations) that went back several decades before Nixon.
137
Camp David Accords
Peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.
138
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.
139
Indian Self-Determination Act
Authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes. Allowed oversight of their own schools. 1974.
140
Exxon Valdez Incident
The largest oil spill in world history. The supertanker Valdez ran aground, spilling about 11 million gallons of oil over 1,800 miles of beaches in Alaska. Maybe the environmentalists had a point? Also consider, however, what gas process would be without Alaska's oil.
141
Three Mile Island
(March 28, 1979) (Carter) A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.
142
EPA
A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.
143
Iran-Hostage Crisis
The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president.
144
Moral majority
A political group made up of fundamentalist Christians. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society.
145
Deregulation of business
the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.
146
“Contract with America”
In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.
147
Planned Parenthood v Casey
The constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion but lowered the standard for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the others.
148
“star wars”
Popular name for Reagan's proposed space-based nuclear defense system, officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative
149
Missile Defense System
To block a nuclear attack. Called "Star Wars" by critics, it typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters. AKA SDI
150
NAFTA
Established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets
151
Control Act 1986
Law of 1986 that granted amnesty to past illegal immigrants and penalized the employers of future illegal workers (same as immigration reform act)
152
“Don’t Ask Don’t Tell”
The policy was intended as a "compromise" — one that purports to restrict the United States military from "witch-hunting" secretly gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members or applicants, while absolutely barring "openly" gay or bisexual people from joining the military, and expelling those already serving during Clinton's term
153
Immigration Reform
Law of 1986 that granted amnesty to past illegal immigrants and penalized the employers of future illegal workers (same as control act)
154
Social Security Reform
Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
155
Tax Cuts (Reagan/Bush)
Reagan:
Reaganomics cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventually increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy
Bush: Two laws passed in 2001 and 2003 that reduced taxes for virtually every American:
1) cut income tax rates;
2) eliminate estate tax;
3) reduce taxes on capital gains and dividends
156
Religious Fundamentalism
a religious movement whose objectives were to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy where every word of the bible is interpreted literally. CULTURAL.
157
War on Terror
Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined "war on terror" aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world
158
Nuclear proliferation
The spread of nuclear weapons to new nations
159
Welfare Reform
Bill that made reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare recipients to find employment.
160
Newt Gingrich
Promoter of the "Contract with America" and the first Republican speaker in 40 years.
161
Brady Bill
Gun-control law named for presidential aide James Brady who had been wounded and disabled by gunfire in the assassination attempt on Reagan in 1981.
162
Operation Desert Storm
The United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours , The code name for the liberation of Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War of 1991
163
Start I and II
I: The United States and the Soviet Union signed this treaty in July 1991 which called for a reduction in the number of long-range nuclear warheads and bombs held by each country by about one-third over a period of seven years.
II: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, 1993-94 between USA and Russia to reduce the active deployment of ICBMs
164
Boland Agreement
U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua.. democrats opposed to the administrations policies in nicaragua passed this to prohibit further aid to the contras
165
Sandra Day O'Connor
The first woman to be in the Supreme Court. Appointed by Ronald Reagan, O'Connor was an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006
166
“Trickle Down” Economics
```
economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers.
Reagan used this.
Also Coolidge (1920s) would assist the hard pressed railroads,banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down basis. Got Congress to spend $2.25 billion on useful public works (hashtag tbt bc yalls better review for ur ap)
```
167
Supply-side Economics
Economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services. The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise
168
Televangelist
Evangelical ministers to reach a large nationwide audience.. Baptist Billy Graham, and Oral Roberts, and Roman Catholic Fulton J. Sheen took to the television airwaves to spread Christianity.
169
Reverse discrimination
The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously… during the 1970's, white workers and students felt that they were being discriminated against by employers and admission offices because too much weight was put on race and ethnic background. In the court case, Bakke vs. California, the Supreme Court declared that preference in admissions to a college could not be given to a certain race, but racial factors could be taken into account in a school's overall admissions policy.
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Proposition 13
California tax revolt in 1978 which slashed property taxes and forced huge cuts in government services.
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Political Action Committee
A type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.
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Gerrymander
Drawing up the district lines in an odd shape or manner to favor one political party; comes from the Massachusetts governor in 1800 named Gerry to favor his party; one of the shapes that he made a district into looked like a salamander; both parties do this
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No Child Left Behind
Meant to fix a broken public education system; linked federal money to state action requiring states to have high standards for all students; evaluation of progress was through standardized testing
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Bush Tax Cuts
Bush wanted tax cuts for all income brackets; and continued to promise not to raise taxes
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Bush v Gore
Bush v. Gore, very controversial-Bush won (lost popular vote, won electoral vote), solidified red-blue divide
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Hurricane Katrina
2005, considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administration's 2nd term and in its inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages toppled $150 billion.
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Housing Bubble
Sales of new homes in the United States went on a roller-coaster ride, rising by 60 percent between January 2000 and July 2005, before falling by 76 percent between July 2005 and January 2009.
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Homeland Security Dept.
Protects US from and responding to terrorist attacks, accidents, and natural disasters.
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Bowles-Simpson plan
reduce federal deficit by cutting taxes for poor and raising taxes for wealthy
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Tea Party
a political movement in the United States that is against taxation, against a strong central government, and against government spending
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2009 Stimulus Bill
save and create jobs immediately + give immediate relief to those who needed it
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Dodd-Frank Act
Increased financial regulation by improving accountability and transparency in the financial world. Wall street reform and consumer protection. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression.
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“Axis of Evil”
A group of nations (Iraq, Iran, and North Korea) accused by the Bush administration of sponsoring terrorism and threatening to develop weapons of mass destruction
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Bush Doctrine
Foreign policy based on the idea that the United States should take preemptive action against threats to its national security ("Either you're with us or you're with the terrorists.")
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Kyoto Accords
Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with global warming. It is an environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."
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Enron
A major energy company involved in a scandal of accounting fraud, questioned accounting in US
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Campaign Finance Reform
the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.
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9/11/01
19 militant Islamist men (under Al Qaeda) hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft in 2001. Two of which, hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in NYC, one hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C., and the fourth was overtaken by passengers and crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. Over 3000 people were killed and many more injured.
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Hamid Karzai
Served as President of Afghanistan after the Taliban were taken out of power
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Operation Iraqi Freedom
Name for US involvement in the Iraq War; US invaded under false pretenses that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
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Fannie May
Organization that makes house mortgages available to people with modest incomes - when housing bubble burst and people defaulted on housing loans, this corporation taken over by the government
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Freddy Mac
Organization that makes house mortgages available to people with modest incomes - when housing bubble burst and people defaulted on housing loans, this corporation taken over by the government
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Lehman Bros.
Global financial services firm that went bankrupt
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John McCain
Republican candidate running against Obama in the election of 2008.
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Affordable Care Act
(Obamacare) expand health coverage to 30 million Americans, increase benefits and lower costs for consumers, provide new funding for public health and prevention, bolster our health care and public health workforce and infrastructure, subsidizes those who can't afford insurance
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Debt Ceiling
legislative mechanism to limit the amt debt that can be issued by Treasury by limiting money gov can borrow
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Arab Spring
A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)
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Elena Kagan
Newest member of current Supreme Court
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Sonia Sotomayor
First Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme Court's history, confirmed in August 2009
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Heller Case
March - June 2008
A S.W.A.T. officer with the Washington D.C. police department sued in the District of Columbia District Court for the right to carry a handgun off duty. The Supreme Court ruled that he had the right to carry a weapon for a lawful purpose, and the District Court's opinion was reversed.
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Citizens United (2010)
Court rules that corporations have first amendment right to spend as much as they like in elections. Super-PACs are a result
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NFIB v Sibelius (2012)
Approves ObamaCare because it is a tax.
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US credit rating
The uncertainty and gridlock in Washington led Standard & Poor's to downgrade the US AAA credit rating
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Election 2008
- The election was the first in which an African American was elected President.
- It was also the first time two sitting senators ran against each other. (Obama vs. Mccain)
- Issues of the Day: Great Recession, Financial panic, Bailouts, Iraq War
- Obama received more votes than any candidate in history. The prior record, about 62 million, was set in 2004 by George W. Bush
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Election 2012
- The Democratic nominee, incumbent President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term.
- Their major challengers were the Republican nominee, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, and his running mate, Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin
- Issues of the Day: Role of government, Spending & tax rates, Nuclear Iran, Arab Spring, Global warming, Campaign finance
- Obama only the 2nd president (Wilson, 1916) to be elected to a second term with fewer electoral votes than earned when winning his first term
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Political polarization
Divergence (aka dividing) of political attitudes to ideological extremes
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Election of 2000
Came down to electoral college votes and specifically the vote in Florida; because of the controversy over a recount in Florida, Gore sued to have a manual recount; was the 1st time the Supreme Court got involved in electoral college decision; decided the votes should stand as counted and Bush got the votes for the state giving Bush the presidency without winning the popular vote.
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Great Society
Lyndon Johnson admin., Johnson declared a war on poverty. Included medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Ex Economic Opportunity Act 1964 and the Volunteers in service to America (VISTA)
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Griswald v CT
Ruling; state laws cannot prohibit the use of contraceptives; the Constitution implies the right to privacy
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Miranda v AZ
The Court can’t make a ruling without reading the accused her/his rights
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SDS
Students for a Democratic Society; (socialist) student movement, part of counterculture (political beginnings) strongly opposed Vietnam war
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Black Panthers
(far left) socialists political party; black nationalism, 1966-1982. Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. Original purpose = protection against police brutality, they were militant
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Baby Boom
Large amount of marriages and births after WWII (between 1945 - 1950)
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Sun Belt
Southern US from Florida to California. Attractive resorts / warmer climate = businesses and population from North -> South
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Beat Movement
Counter culture movement started by young authors post WWII. Criticized social conformity
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“The Affluent Society”
Written by economist John Kenneth Galbrith; income disparities: post WWII US = wealthy in the private sector, poor in the public sector
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Roe v Wade
Supreme Court case on abortion, privacy under due process ( ) extended to a woman’s right to get an abortion (had to be balanced with individual state’s interest, abortion -> 3rd trimester)
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GI Bill
Federal aid to veterans after WWII to start businesses, get a higher education, and affordable housing (suburbs, levittown)
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Employment Act of 1946
Purpose: ensure economic growth, maintain production and employment
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22nd Amend.
After FDR, the president can (officially) only serve two terms
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Taft-Hartley Act
Restricted activities and power of labor unions, override on Truman’s veto (Labor leaders called it the “slave labor” bill), amended the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) outlawed closed shop
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Dixiecrats
Conservative white southern political party, wanted to maintain segregation and opposed federal intervention in race integration and labor
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Strom Thurmond
Nominated president for the States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) 1948, result of Souther split because Truman = civil rights
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Thomas Dewey
The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Everyone thought he would win. Newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment.
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George Kennan
Smart dude who was the first one to introduce the term containment when referring to communism.
