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RUSVM Virology > Final: Togaviridae > Flashcards

Final: Togaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Important Alphaviruses causing disease in Animals and also humans?

A

Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Western equine encephalitis virus
Highlands J virus
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

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2
Q

What are the equine viral encephalitis caused by alphaviruses

A

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEEV)
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)

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3
Q

EEEV (eastern equine encephalitis virus)

A

Zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes
Caused by a member of Alphavirus
Encephalitis in horses and humans

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4
Q

EEEV is enzootic where?

A

In eastern portions of North America, the Caribbean Basin, Central America, and along the northern and eastern coasts of South America

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5
Q

Where are the cases of EEEV in North America and when do they occur?

A

From the eastern and gulf coast as far as to inland sites (Texas)

Late summer and early fall, often associated with heavy rainfall

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6
Q

EEEV transmission cycle is maintained between passerine birds as _________/_______ hoses and Culiseta melanura as the main enzootic vector in swamp habitats.

A

Reservoirs;amplification

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7
Q

T/F: Rodents and reptiles have been found to serve as reservoirs of EEEV

A

True

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8
Q

(EEEV) Passerine birds develop high levels of _____, enough to infect enzootic ______ as well as a variety of bridge vectors.

A

Viremia; vectors

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9
Q

T/F: Humans and equines are dead-end hosts of EEEV since they do not develop sufficient viremia to transmit the virus

A

True

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10
Q

T/F: birds are able to spread EEEV if they peck or eat diseased pen mates in captivity

A

True

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of EEEV

A

Virus enters CNS through hematogenous route -> viral replication occurs in neurons, vascular endothelial cells and glial cells -> apoptosis of neuronal and glial cells; lesions in gray matter of cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus -> non-suppurative encephalomyelitis

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12
Q

Clinical signs of EEEV in horses

A

Hypersensitivity to sound
Periods of colic before neurological disease
Walk blindly into objects or walk in circles
Involuntary muscle mvmts (facial or should muscle tremors)
Stage of paralysis follows: inability to hold up head, head pressing or leaning back, incoordination or unnatural postures, complete paralysis

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13
Q

What can the horses be put in that have EEEV?

A

Stabilizing restraints to prevent collapse

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14
Q

What are the 2 forms of EEE in humans?

A

Systemic form: fever, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, no CNS involvement

Encephalitic form: fever, headache, irritability, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, convulsions, coma

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15
Q

What is the prognosis of EEE in humans?

A

~1/3 of all people with EEE die

Recovered patients may suffer from permanent brain damage

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16
Q

T/F: Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) is believed to have emerged from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus and an ancestral Sindbis-like alphavirus

A

True

17
Q

T/F:Epidemiological studies have shown that WEEV occurs throughout most of the Americas from the western half of North to South America

A

True

18
Q

T/F: both the epizootic and enzootic strains of WEEV have not been identified

A

False, they have been ID

Epizootic North America strains are more virulent than strains that are enzootic in South America

19
Q

WEEV has a high/low fatality rate in humans compared to EEEV

A

Low

20
Q

WEEV appears to the more/less virulent than EEEV in horses

A

Less

21
Q

T/F: epidemics of WEEV are less common, but sporadic individual cases are not

A

True

22
Q

What are the primary amplifying hosts for WEEV?

A

House sparrows and house finches

23
Q

What are the secondary amplifying hosts for WEEV?

A

Rodents, mainly black tailed jack rabbits and prairie dogs

24
Q

What is the primary (enzootic) cycle of WEEV?

A

Between mosquitoes and birds (primary reservoirs) -> mosquitoes give to dead-end hosts (humans and horses)

25
Q

What is the secondary (epizootic) cycle of WEEV?

A

Between mosquitos and rodents -> mosquitos give to dead end hosts

26
Q

T/F: clinical signs of WEEV are the same as EEEV

A

True

27
Q

VEEV is classified into how many antigenic subtypes?

A

6

28
Q

What are the VEEV subtypes in the epizootic/endemic cycle? How pathogenic are they?

A

I-A
I-B
I-C

Highly virulent for equines

29
Q

What are the subtypes of VEEV in the enzootic/endemic cycle? How pathogenic are they?

A 
I-D
I-E
I-F
II
III
IV
V
VI

Not virulent or virulence unknown for horses

30
Q

Who is involved in the enzootic cycle of VEEV (Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus)?

A

Between two species of mosquitos (primary vector) and rodents (amplifying hosts) -> mosquitos give to accidental or dead end hosts (human and horses)

31
Q

Who is involved in the epizootic cycle of VEEV?

A

Between mosquitos (primary vector) and horses (amplifying hosts) -> mosquitos give it to dead-end hosts (humans)

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of VEEV in horses?

A

Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis

33
Q

Clinical signs of VEEV in humans

A

Normally acute, mild, systemic disease
May include headache, chills, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, myalgia, symptoms of encephalitis

In pregnant women, may cause placental damage, fetal encephalitis, abortion/stillbirth,congenital disease

34
Q

Vaccination for horses against equine encephalitis

A

Formalin inactivated EEEV and WEEV vax are available as univalent or bivalent preparations in combo with other antigens (tetanus)

For VEEV, a tissue culture attenuated vaccine, made with a strain TC-83, is available

35
Q

Vaccination for humans

A

No licensed vaccine against EEEV or WEEV

No licensed human VEEV vax, but TC-83 live-attenuated vax is used for lab workers and military personnel

36
Q

The enzootic cycle of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus is primarily maintained between _____ and ____

A

Rodents and mosquitos

37
Q

T/F: Western Equine Encephalitis Virus is believed to have emerged from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus and ancestral Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like virus

A

False

RUSVM Virology (10 decks)

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