Final Test 4 Flashcards
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What is Criminology
See’s crime as a social phenomenon.
i.e. making laws, breaking laws, reactions towards breaking laws.
Biological determinism in crime/ deviance
Biology is destiny to be a criminal
The 4 dynamics of criminology
1.Causation
2. Prevention
3. Punishment
4. Rehabilitation
C.P.P.R
Moral entrepreneur in crime/ deviance
People who influences
the enforcement of a society’s
morals
what is crime
-Behaviors and actions the need social control/intervention
-Violation of norms, written in law
what is deviance
○Violates social norms but may not violate laws
○ Different for many cultural groups
difference between Crime and deviance
crime is always breaking the law
deviance is how you act, doesnt always break laws
Howard Becker thoughts on Social Deviance
People’s reaction to an act that makes it deviant
Erving Goffman thoughts on Social Deviance
Stigmas are used to discredit ppl
i.e. a families connect to a serial killer
Who defines deviance?
○ Politicians/governments, scientists, religious institutions, media
Who said that stigmas are used to discredit ppl in crime
by: Erving Goffman (1963)
what are the 2 classical criminology
theory AND study
- Rational choice theory
- Beccaria and Bentham
Rational choice theory
Criminal behaviour is purposeful
-crime used to be connected to witchcraft
4 basic beliefs of Rational Choice Theory
Beccaria and Bentham thoughts on crime
B & B
Sentencing has to be proportionate to the crime committed
I.e eye for an eye
4 basic beliefs of Rational Choice Theory
- Ppl have freewill, crime is a rational choice
- Crime is more appealing
- Fear of punishment
- control criminal behaviour via
A.) severity
B.) certainty of punishment
C.) swiftness of justice
Criminogenic environments
Laws privilege certain groups and force others into crime
positivism in crime
○ Applys the scientific method for social word
○ micro level
Cesare Lomb in crime
○ AKA The criminal man
○ Criminals share physical characterizes
○ They look like animals, they are lower on the evolution ladder
○ Autonomy: asymmetrical face, large ears
The 4 factors of the Biological explanations in crime?
- Low intelligent = leads to crime
- The XYY theory=The EXTRA Y leads to crime
- Body type: square/muscular body = criminal
- Psychology :Negative childhood experiences effect criminal behavior
Silvers writing in crime
who do laws help?
Laws help higher classes manipulate lower class
functionalism in crime and deviance
○ Crime has a function in society
○ Anomie normlessness AND collective consciousness
Deviance has 3 main functions
- Clarifies moral boundaries
○ Labels criminals and non criminals - Promotes social unity
○ Brings ppl together - Promotes social change
C.U.B
DURKHEIM in crime and deviance
○ Crime is inevitable
○ Capitalism = anomie: normlessness = deviant behavior
Merton’s Strain theory in crime and deviance
goals cant be met through approvable ways causing anomie
5 goals: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
Illegitimate opportunity theory in crime and deviance
People commit crimes bc of their deviant learning environment
-Poorer ppl have frustrations about not reaching their goals
Labelling theory by Becker in crime and deviance
Once a person is labeled deviant, it becomes their identity
conflict theory in crime and deviance
- Crime is the product of class struggle/inequality
○ The law is NOT neutral
Symbolic internationalism in crime and deviance
- Criminal behavior is learned via interactions
○ i.e. who you hang out with, family, peers, neighborhood
Feminist theory in crime and deviance
- Looks @ issues of power, distribution of resources
- Explain gendered nature of crime
○ Female criminals viewed as sick and pathological
Chivalry hypothesis in feminist crime
Women who are accused of criminal behavior have more leniency because of the belief of chivalrous
strain theory’s 5 types in crime/deviance
C.I.R.R.R
- Conformity
○ Using legit means to get the goals - Innovation
○ Individual accepts the goals but uses illegitimate means to get the goals - Ritualism
○ Regets goals - Retreatism
○ Reject society’s goals AND does not want them - Rebellion
○ Individuals want to create a DIFFERENT goal
Rule of law
○ No person is above the law
○ Laws based on fairness & equality
William Chambliss study on crime/ deviance
Study of the Saints and Roughnecks
○ Saints committed more criminal acts but teachers did not do anything bc of their future pathways of post secondary
3 views to law
- Consensus view
○ Law is a neutral - Conflict view
○ Law is a tool for the have vs. nots - Interactionist view
○ Law reflect opinions
C.C.I
Differential association theory by Sutherland in crime
When you favor crime rather then abiding the law
-How ppl come to engane in criminal activity
Critical legal studies in crime/ deviance
○ Looks at inconsistence and contradictions of the law
○ Laws are NOT neutral
Feminist legal studies in crime/ deviance
○ How laws play a role in maintaining women subordination
I.E. Married women’s property act
Critical race theory in crime/ deviance
Issues of oppression and discrimination
Wortley and Tanner in race theroy
crime/ deviance
The racial disparity in police stop and search practices
Moral panic in crime/ deviance
The reaction of a group based on false/ exaggerated perception
done by the media
Fear gender paradox
Men are victims of crime, but women have a higher fear of it
Public order crimes
○ street crimes
○i.e. makes Gambling, prostitution be seen as immoral
what is the economy?
- Organize production, distribution, and consumption of goods
- How groups choose to exploit their environment
The 7 economies through time
- Hunting and gathering
2.Horticulturalist - Pastoralism
- Agriculture
- Pre-industrial / Feudal
- Industrialization
- post-Industrialization
Horticulturalism
- Domesticates animals and plants
i.e. things like slash and burn
Pastoralism
- Tending herds of large animals
○ Create large social inequality’s
Agriculture
○ Use animals to pull plows
* increase in population, food production, division of labor
Pre-industrial / Feudal
- Artisanal work: Family oriented business
Industrialization
○ Use of non-animate sources of energy to produce goods
○ Development of technology, mass production, specialization, wage labor
○ 3 central development: steam power, combustion engine, and combustion motor
Post-industrialization
○A system based on knowledge-based activities and service
○ many things change; social life, removal of family work.
○ no longer focused on manufacturing, they focused on services AND knowledge based
3 sectors of the economy
- Primary sector
○ Exploit raw materials
○ I.E. farming - Secondary sector
○ Transform raw materials in consumer goods
○ I.E. Cars, furniture
3.Tertiary sector
○ Provide services
○ IE. server
Harvey Crain study
○ Looked at the 3 sectors of jobs
○ Each have greatly changed overtime.
The 2 labor markets
- Primary labor market (core jobs)
○ Requires post secondary degree
○ Stable, comfortable pay, benefits - Secondary labor market (peripheral jobs)
○ Insecure, temporary, offer minimum pay,
○ Often called Mcjob’s
Labor unions
- Organizations that represent the interest of works
- Sharp decline with the youth bc of where we are working; white collar jobs
Functionalism in work/ politics/ economy
Ppl need to connect to their work
Symbolic interactionalism
in work/ politics/ economy
defines…
Work defines self worth and acceptance
Feminist theory in work/ politics/ economy
○ Dorothy smith
○ Separate lives for working women: a wife, mom, worker
○ Bifurcated consciousness; living in 2 worlds
2 broad systems for the global economy
- Capitalism
○ DEFINING FEATURES
○ Private ownership, ability to pursue personal gain and profit, competition among businesses - State/ welfare capitalism
○ Political and economic system.
Weber theory in work/ politics/ economy
whatis the purpose of work?
-work is ones calling, connection to god
i.e. you will go to heaven if you are a good worker
Politics
To maintain control of the state
Socialism
Collectively owned raw materials and production
owned items
State
Maintains company’s using force
closely linked to the economy
The Economy
The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Weber’s theory on power, domination and authority
Power: ability to get what u want
Domination: The group comply with commands
-i.e. teachers comands to students
Authority: the masses see the dominations (directions) as legit
-legit implies its follows see no other way
Harold Innes
in economy
The staples thesis:
–Canadian development isfrom exploitating raw materials
Weber’s 3 types of authority
T.L.C
- Traditional authority
○Obedience is to the person
§ i.e. king - Rational legal authority
○ Devotion is to the POSITION
○ i.e. when the king dies, his brother will take his place even though his bro is dumb - Charismatic authority
○The individual compels people to believe in them
○ Loyalty to a person, Individuals has very specific ability’s
○ i.e. god, priest that can ‘talk to god’
what is a bureaucracies
completing tasks
To complete tasks as efficiently as possible
- Linked to the position, not the individual
Democracy
Adult citizens select their representative leaders through an electoral process
there are 2 types
Max Weber’s (1946) defining characteristics of bureaucracies:
- A hierarchy of authority
- Performance-based hiring
corporations
Organization structure in capitalism economies
The Iron Cage
by Max Weber
Dehumanizing and depersonalizing experience of bureaucracy
Monarchies
○ Power is in a single person/ family
○ Passed down generational
Absolute Monarchies
Family membership or a divine connection with god
Authoritarian regimes
voting
Controlled by ruler who does not allow citizens to participate
i.e.Russia
Constitutional Monarchies
For ceromonial purposes but have no actual power
i.e. Queen Elishibeth has no actual power
2 types of democracy
- Participatory democracy
-citizens involved personally in decision making - Representative democracy:
- citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf
Dictatorship
Leader relies on personal loyalties and threats of force
AKA strongman
Totalitarianism
No limits on the leaders’ use of force
i.e.Hitler and Nazi Germany
Bifurcated consciousness
living in 2 worlds
By Dorthy Smith
feminist theory
