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Chinese Society > Final Test!!! > Flashcards

Final Test!!! Flashcards

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Chinese (Mandarin) flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Emperors

A

Hereditary - passed down rule
mandate of heaven through out
elder son recieved right to rule
marriage to commoners happens in order to reduce nobel clan influence

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2
Q

checks on the son of heaven

A

mandate of heaven
ancestor reverence - this menas they honor what the father did and are expected to be consistent with the rulings the father did before them. can be questioned on this and it mean coninuity of rules and regulations

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3
Q

imperial history regarding ruler

A

the characteristics of the dynasties are set down by the first ruler, propagated by the ancestor reverence as long as the lineage continues

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4
Q

deceding order of confucian values

A 
shi - scholars
nong - farmers
gong - artisans
shang - merchants
missing - military - not in confucian thought
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5
Q

confucian scholar officials

A
  • relationship with the state is defined by moral terms: stronger thatn rules
  • sincerity loyalty reliabiltiy predicatbility
  • absorbed the best minds
  • ultimate elite class
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6
Q

peasantry

A
  • small land holders, relative econ ind.
  • important source of gov revenue, leverage in gov.
  • incentives fro order an peace
  • believed in moral system
  • believed in gov intervention
  • believed in extensioh of parent relationship
  • could threate legit of autority if failed to adhere to ag deal
  • artisans in off time
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7
Q

handicraftsmen

A

produced essential objects, well respected. did not have land. artisans, gov or self employed, no land. successful hired labor or apprentices. made guilds

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8
Q

merchants

A

low on the social order. considered unproductive.

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9
Q

gov and commerce

A

did littel to control commerce other than salt and metal. did not rely on commerce tax. relied on land and salt tax for money

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10
Q

market

A

nation market for essentail goods. china first to develop paper money, brokerage practices and bank

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11
Q

inventiness

A

made a lot of innovation

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12
Q

needham

A

obsessed with china. 5 pub. vol. ased Why did growth/develop in china fall behind even though they had creativity of the civilization?

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13
Q

needham puzzle?

A

main explanations:

  • materialistic - marx
  • idealistci - weber
  • political and social - 2 main points
  • economic explantation - elvin
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14
Q

materialistic explanation

A

marx - technology drives change. both means and mode of production. means = labor material tools. mode = social relationship of production.

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15
Q

idealist perspective

A

weber: can not be understood just as tech. values play a part. values = what is right an dwrong. ideology = forms of beliefs and values that justify and legitimiz actions. Confucianism - tradition is good. estabilished order and stability is good. commericalism is bad. spirit over materialism. harmony over competition and conflict. group mentalisty (discourage ind. progress). old over young - like the established

US - protestantism
-rise of calvinism. encouraged frugality and discourage consumption. success and wealth sign of gods favor. not church regulation - free agent

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16
Q

political and soical

A
  1. unified countyr under one bureacracy
    - strong state, bonded by moral terms
    - no challenge from: aristocracy, religious authorigy, intellectuals, military or urban bourgeoisie. common languag and ideology. efficient syst of tax and tech.
  2. strong state peasant alliance
    - stae need econ from rural. low tax - jackpot idea.
    - ag is supported by stat - confucian
    - commerical goods controlled by state
    - surplus handled locally, low entry market
    - merchant low class stat
    - reinvestment on land keeps urbanization in check
17
Q

econ sys

A

mark elvin : high level equilibrium trap - tech immobility that makes econ progress impossible

  • chinese land and people ration createds disincentives fro labor saving tech revolution
  • no surplus to fund research due to over pop
  • over suppuly of cheap labor, no entreprenuer has incentive fro innovation
  • merchants separatefrom proces sof production - no need to inhance tech for prodcution.
  • used market to purchase finished goods rather than controll production.
18
Q

open dorr vs close door

A

wester in mediterranea sea trade. china land locked. china hard to traverse or create infrastructure. europe easy to create infrascture
-rice an vegies over dairy and beef

19
Q

Tributary sys

A

manages foreign relations. effective for exacting compliances
built on two principles -
–soverieng has no interest in governing barbarians. welcome anyone who comaes and do not pursue anyone who leaves
–giving out more and taking in less
-tributatry ruler had to go to china to pay homage - kowtow - five point bow. honor vassal status
-china give gifts and titles for submission

20
Q

Maritime expiditions

A

show of power, did not spread chinese influence. lead by zheng ho (1405 - 1433). more impressive than columbus. ended due to confucian official complaints and rising mongol issues

21
Q

manchus

A

took over from ming. swooped in during weakend state. adopted all chinese things, including confucinaism and used the officals in place. created time of prosperit and piece after resistance of three decades

22
Q

opium war

A

canton sys - all trade through canton sys. trade through gov approved officials. restrictions on influence with people. East india trading company. one-way trade, infruiarting to the english. tea major part of that.
1793 - macarties mission to open trade further and the refusals

23
Q

opium - drug

A

painkiller, narcotic, addictive. was used fro medicin for long time. smoking came around introduction of tobaco in 18th century. made illegal in 1729. big trade with brits. smuggling big business

24
Q

opium social and econ consequences

A 
outflow of 1/5 of silver coin.
burder on tax payers with rising exchange rate
harm moral nd health, destroy family.
degeneration of army
40 edicts to ban between 1790-1839
25
Q

1st opium war

A

1839-1842
external
-percepti oof china antiquity vs. modernity
-iducstrial revolution - brit a power
-cause was to open china market for british goods

internal
-percetion of central place in world
trad sys refelcts self sufficient econ
population pressure and worsening econ conditions

26
Q

1st opium war court debates

A

failded attemps to suppress trade and policy
legalization - undercut corrption and reduce foreign poewer
crackdown on trad
1839 edict- dath penaty for anyone dealing wiht all sides of opium
-spoecial commisniton

27
Q

march 1839 campaing

A

lead of commissioner lin
21k chests destroyed
letters to the quenn

28
Q

late 1839

A

britist expeditionary force. war declared. seized dinghai and chusan threated tianjin. yangtzi offensive 1842

29
Q

treaty of nanjing

A

-open porsts
cession of hong kong
-idemnity for opium and war
-reduced tariffs - cannot change without consent from britain
extraterritoriality - brits in china can not be tried by chinese gov. china give right to another countyr, those go to brits automatically

30
Q

significance of opium war

A
  • humiliating, force doors open
  • set trend of diplomacy - gun boat diplomacy
  • symbolic weight, moral dimension, more difficulkt to discern western civ
31
Q

caring up of china by powers

A 
second opium war 1856-60
-taiping rebellion
sino-japanes war 1894-95
-selfstrengtiein movement
eight imperial powers invastion 1900
-1911 repub revolution
32
Q

self-strengthenng movement

A

han chinese elete, strenthgien through milityary suppression fo taiping rebeilliogn laucnhced moment
-resotre function of gov
manag relations with barbarians
address military shortcomings
econ moderniztiaotn
ti - essence, yong - utility
learn western tech, keep chinese moral, resotre confucianism
three periods
first:
-wester arms and machinery, science and tech edu.
second:
-industrail base. railroad coal mines. gov-merchant ventures
educational - sent sutdents to sutdy in america and europe
third:
-diversification fo enterprises
-cotton, paper, matches, iron
communications
military modernization

33
Q

outcome

A

cultruall reassuring poisiton in painful time
failed
affirmed ther was a structue of chinese moral and philosophical values that gave continuity ad meaning to civilization
holding on to the belief chia could afford to adopt dramaticall all sorts of western practies.

Chinese Society (7 decks)

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