Final Terms Part 1

Question 1

Scientific Revolution effect on Thought

Answer 1

Epistemology = how do we know what we know
Brought a Newtonian Order to society and human experiences

Question 2

Scientific Revolution Thinkers

Answer 2

Bacon, Descartes, Locke

Question 3

Bacon

Answer 3

1600s, British, Scientific Revolution, knowledge is based on inductive reasoning and scientific method

Question 4

Descarte

Answer 4

1600s, Scientific Revolution, observation brings knowledge which creates progress in society

Question 5

Locke

Answer 5

1600s, Scientific Revolution, Knowledge comes from the senses. Significant because Applied it to politics saying everyone has a natural right to life, liberty, and property and can overthrow the government if rights not provided.

Question 6

Early Enlightenment Ideas

Answer 6

Reason, Progress, Nature

Question 7

Early Enlightenment Thinkers

Answer 7

Montesquieu, Diderot, Emilie du Chalet

Question 8

Montesquieu

Answer 8

French nobleman, early 1700s, Early Enlightenment, argued for division of power in the government. Was important because he became source of structuralism = individuals do not matter, only the structures and institutions of society do

Question 9

Diderot

Answer 9

early 1700s French writer, Early Enlightenment who was interested in the role of science to help create progress. Important because he wrote the Encyclopedia which put all the knowledge available into 1 book, which shows progress in society

Question 10

Emilie du Chatelet

Answer 10

early 1700s French philosopher, Early Enlightenment, lover of Voltaire, who mainly advocated for freedom of thought and tolerance. Important because she called out the Catholic Church for suppressing ideas, and her thoughts eventually became main themes for French Revolution

Question 11

Censorship in France

Answer 11

writers criticized government, they hid criticisms in abstract stories, writers were forced to publish outside o France, and they became very unpopular figures (especially the philosophes), and gave way for the start of the French Revolution

Question 12

Turgot

Answer 12

Finance Minister of France who said intellectual experts should reshape the economy and rule the government. Important because he started Laissez-Faire in France which abolished guilds and tariffs and only put taxes on the land.

Question 13

Late Enlightenment

Answer 13

Belief in equality and national sovereignty

Question 14

Rosseau

Answer 14

French Late Enlightenment thinker, 1700s, believed in individual freedom and equality. Important because his ideas greatly influenced the 1st stage of the French Revolution and started the Late Enlightenment movement.

Question 15

French Revolution Stages

Answer 15

Liberty Phase= Philosophe agenda, human rights, sovereignty, nationalization of Church
Equality Phase = Jacobins, Reign of Terror, executed the king and ended the monarchy
Fraternity Phase = Napoleon, Decline of human rights, embrace of authoritarianism

Question 16

Thinkers that gave an international response to the French Revolution

Answer 16

Identity became defined by being either pro or anti French Revolution
Burke
Kant
Herder
Finte
Hegel

Question 17

Burke

Answer 17

Late 1700s, British Conservatism, who was anti-FR because it challenged European institutions and traditions. He was important because he brought the idea that rights are not natural but inherited through history of society and culture

Question 18

Kant

Answer 18

Late 1700s, German Enlightenment Philosopher who supported the FR and believed knowledge comes from Apriori thought. Important because he was the origin of idealism= ideas and mind help make sense of the world, not the senses

Question 19

Herder

Answer 19

Late 1700s, born in Paris and pro french revolution moved to Germany, believed every culture has its own identity that is related to language. He was important because he was the start of the Nationalist movement.

Question 20

Fichte

Answer 20

German philosopher during the Napoleonic Wars who was anti-French Revolution. Said that the spirit of the nation in Germany is very unique and that you should sacrifice yourself for the nation so your death has meaning. He spoke to Berlin when Napoleon marched through. He is important because he started a huge nationalist movement in Germany