Final IDs Part 2 Flashcards
Industrial Revolution
Urban cities and factories created capitalism, creation of a working class, slave trade from Napoleon generated lots of wealth
Adam Smith
Advocated for Laissez-Faire, market is an invisible hand that guides the economy, important bc his ideas of comparative advantage and division of labor made him the father of capitalism
Ricardo
British economist who believed in Iron Law of Wages = people have too many children which causes wages to drop meaning most people have to be poor. Important because his theory meant that poverty is inevitable and no means to try and escape it
Shelley
British romantic poet who believed industrialization is destroying nature. Important because she created a nostalgia for pre Industrial Revolutionary society, causing criticism in the IR.
Owen
Thought capitalists were not doing enough to help people. Significant because he tried to create a utopian society in Indiana with better wages and shorter working hours
Fourier
Fourier had the idea of Phalansteries = cooperative communities in France with no division of labor. Significant because he tried to make people work in what they are passionate in and he even attempted it in Massachusetts.
Saint-Simon
Created a Utopia with a planned economy. He was significant because he believed that society would be best run by the elites and scientific experts.
Liberalism
Individual is the most important, belief in progress (link to the Enlightenment)
British Utalitarianism
English liberals who liked their system of government, Constitutional Monarchy, but felt there needed to be reforms inside the government
French Constitutionalism
French liberals who saw the government system as broken and wanted to change the entire thing
Bentham
British Liberal thinker, who critiqued irrationality, and wanted to enhance pleasure and reduce pain. Important bc he was a utilitarianism. He also created the idea of the Bentham prison system, which made prisoners believe they are being watched at all times, even when they are not, so they behave better.
Constant
Liberal French leader who argued individual rights are the most important part of Liberty. Important because these liberal ideas of individualism were embraces of Democracy in Europe.
Tocqueville
Liberal French historian who moved to the U.S. Believed the old world was gone and France cannot restore to its glory. Freedom must have space for individuality which America does not allow, because you must be in majority to win
Nationalism
Everyone is in an imagined community, you are always connected with people you do not know. Very popular among conservatism
Conservatism
Embrace tradition, but it was a revise of Burke, embrace Catholicism and reject reformation and the enlightenment. Catholics are the main tradition in Europe
Maistre
French nationalist who emphasized the violence in politics (Terror in the FR). Important because he links religion to nationalism due to his belief that history is controlled by God and the monarchy must be restored to express God’s will.
Feminism
challenged all other isms, belief women should be apart of the public sphere and have the same rights as men.
Opposition to Feminism
Sociology= men always need the higher position for society to be orderly
biology = women’s brains are smaller and body is focused in the pelvis not the head
Olympe de Gouges
French feminist writer during the FR that responded to Declaration of Rights of Man with the Declaration of Rights of Women. Significant because she was executed in the Terror but started the feminism movement
Mary Wollstonecraft
Feminist writer who argued the only reason women are lower than men is because women are taught to please men. She is important because she advocated for equal education among sexes as they were both equally rational just not equally educated.
Romanticism
individuality, self-consciousness, freedom. Romantic heroes = careful reflection, never fixed place or identity, highly emotional life
Goethe
German romantic author who created lots of romantic heroes in his novels. Important because he highlighted the themes of the danger of self-destruction in romantic heroes, like suicide
Chateaubriand
French romantic writer that wrote about the alienation in industrial society. the anomie. Important because he put romantic heroes in a conservative context.
Hugo
French romantic author that argued the poet and artist must have individual divisions. Important because he put romanticism in a liberal context.
Political change after Napoleonic Era in France
End of aristocracy, life is all about money, critique of the bourgeoise, rise in realism
realism
Boredom of everyday life, everything is dull, painted that and showed it
Stendhal
Diplomat of Napoleon in France, became a realist writer and said that hollow people only care about getting ahead in society. Important because he critiques romanticism and writes novels that do not feature romantic heroes but everyday people
Flaubert
French lawyer who became a writer because he found the law boring. He wrote on boredom and believed that language is devalued and people just use cliches. Important because he mocked romanticism and stressed realism by making the author everywhere but nowhere in his novels.
Industrial Revolution Writers and year
late 1700s early 1800s
Adam Smith,
Ricardo,
Shelley,
Owen,
Fourier,
Saint-Simon
Liberal writers and years
late 1700s early 1800s
Bentham
Constant
Tocqueville
Feminism writers and years
late 1700s
Olympe de Gouges
Mary Wollstonecraft
Romanticist writers
Goethe
Chateaubriand
Hugo
Realist writers
Stendhal
Balzac
Flaubert
