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Final - Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a homolog?

A

pairs of chromosomes

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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3
Q

What is a centromere?

A

a region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach, its how the chromosome moves around in a cell when it needs to

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4
Q

What is interphase?

A

The time between divisions in the cell cycle

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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Non-reproductive cells

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6
Q

What are gametes?

A

sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes

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7
Q

What is spermatocyte?

A

diploid cells that undergo meiosis to form spermatids

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8
Q

What are spermatids?

A

The 4 haploid cells produced by meiotic division of a spermatocyte

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9
Q

What is spermatozoa?

A

the little swimmers

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10
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

A cell from which the ovum develops from meiosis

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11
Q

What is a polar body?

A

cells produced in female meiosis that will not function as gametes

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12
Q

What is an ovum?

A

the haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes the functional gamete

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13
Q

What is an allele?

A

one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, usually distinguished from other alleles by its phenotypic effects

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14
Q

What is a locus?

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

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15
Q

What is homozygous?

A

having identical alleles for one or more genes

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16
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

carrying two different alleles for one or more genes

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17
Q

What is a testcross?

A

crossing an organism with a dominant genotype to a recessive homozygous for a specific phenotype in order to determine dominant/recessiveness of the unknown genotype

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18
Q

What is a backcross?

A

the cross of an individual (F1) with one of its parents (F2) or an organism with the same genotype as a parent

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19
Q

What is epistasis?

A

the interaction of two or more non-allelic genes to control a single phenotype

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20
Q

What is hemizygous?

A

a gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition

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21
Q

What is penetrance?

A

the probability of a gene being expressed

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22
Q

What is expressivity?

A

the range of phenotypes resulting from a given genotype

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23
Q

What is a sex-influenced trait?

A

traits controlled by autosomal genes that are usually dominant in one sex but recessive in the other

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24
Q

What is a sex-limited trait?

A

traits that produces a phenotype in only one sex

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25
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

individuals with similar genotypes/phenotypes mate with one another more frequently

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26
Q

What is consanguineous?

A

marriage or mating among related individuals

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27
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

the single gene controlling or influencing multiple phenotypes

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28
Q

What is a phenocopy?

A

an environmentally induced phenotype mimicking one usually produced by a single genotype

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29
Q

What is a multifactorial trait?

A

trait that results from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes

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30
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

traits that are controlled by two or more genes

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31
Q

What is a complex trait?

A

traits controlled by multiple genes, the interaction of genes with each other, and with environmental factors where the contributions of genes and environment are undefined

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32
Q

What are 1st degree relatives?

A

parents, siblings, and children

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33
Q

What are 2nd degree relatives?

A

grandparents, nephews, aunts and uncles and neices

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34
Q

What are 3rd degree relatives?

A

first cousins, great-grandparents, great grandchildren

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35
Q

What is a quantitive trait?

A

the product of two or more genes and their environment

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36
Q

What is quantitive trait loci?

A

stretches of DNA containing or linked to the genes that underlie a quantitive trait

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37
Q

What is heritability?

A

an expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype

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38
Q

What is variance?

A

genetic diversity in a population as a result of gene combinations

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39
Q

What is concordance?

A

agree between traits exhibited by both twins

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40
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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41
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

high blood pressure

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42
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence

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43
Q

What is a centromere?

A

a region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome its shape

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44
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

medical removal of a tissue to test

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45
Q

What is a polyploid?

A

an organism with one or more extra sets of chromosomes

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46
Q

What is a euploid?

A

having a balanced set of any number of chromosomes

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47
Q

What is an aneuploid?

A

having a chromosome number not a multiple of a haploid number

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48
Q

What is cytogenetics?

A

the branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of gens and chromosomes with microscopy

49
Q

What is a triploid?

A

having three of every chromosome in a set

50
Q

What is a tetraploid?

A

having four of every chromosome in a set

51
Q

What is monosomy?

A

a condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing; having one less than the diploid number (2n-1)

52
Q

What is trisomy?

A

a condition in which one chromosome in present in three copies, whereas all other are diploid; having one more than the diploid number (2n+1)

53
Q

What is deletion?

A

a mutation in which part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA is missing

54
Q

What is duplication?

A

any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene

55
Q

What is inversion?

A

segment of chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

56
Q

What is translocation?

A

a chromosomal abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between non-homologous chromosomes

57
Q

What are acentric chromosomes?

A

a chromosome lacking a centromere

58
Q

What is a dicentric chromosome?

A

a chromosome with 2 centromeres

59
Q

What is a mosaic?

A

the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg

60
Q

What is a double blind study?

A

study where no one knows the critical aspects of the experiment

61
Q

What is dispermy?

A

the entrance of two spermazoa in one egg

62
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

a duct connected to the epididymis, which sperm travels through

63
Q

What is an oviduct?

A

connects the ovary to the uterus

64
Q

What is a uterus?

A

female organ where an early embryo will implant and develop through pregnancy

65
Q

What is a placenta?

A

an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall which allows nutrient intake, waste elimination

66
Q

What are gonads?

A

organs where gametes are produced

67
Q

What are testes?

A

male gonads that produce spermatozoa and sex hormones

68
Q

What is an ovary?

A

female gonads that produce oocytes and female sex hormones

69
Q

What is fertilization?

A

the fusion of two gametes to product a zygote

70
Q

What is an androgen?

A

male sex hormone

71
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

an inactivated X chromosome

72
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

shemale

73
Q

What is a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

transexual

74
Q

What is testosterone?

A

steroid produced by the testes, male sex hormone

75
Q

What is estrogen?

A

female sex hormone

76
Q

What is progesterone?

A

female hormone produced by the ovaries during the release of a mature egg from the ovary

77
Q

What is ambiguous sex?

A

one who is independent of sex

78
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

the basic building block of DNA and RNA. each nucleotide consists of a base, a phosphate, and a sugar

79
Q

What is pre-mRNA?

A

the transcript made from the DNA template that is processed and modified to form messenger RNA

80
Q

What is mRNA?

A

a single stranded complementary copy of the amino acid coding nucleotide sequence of a gene

81
Q

What is rRNA?

A

RNA molecules the help form part of the ribosome

82
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Cytoplasmic particles that aid in the production of proteins

83
Q

What is tRNA?

A

a small RNA molecule that contains a binding site for a specific type of amino acid and has a three base segment known as an anti-codon that recognizes a specific base sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA)

84
Q

What is an intron?

A

DNA sequences present in some genes that transcribed but are removed during processing and therefore are not present in mature mRNA

85
Q

What is an exon?

A

DNA sequences that are transcribed, joined to other exons during mRNA processing, and translated into amino acid sequence of a protein

86
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein that speeds up chemical reactions

87
Q

“ase” as a suffix means what?

A

used to form names of enzymes

88
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

a covalent chemical link between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

89
Q

What is the N-terminus?

A

the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free amino group

90
Q

What is the C-terminus?

A

the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free carboxyl group

91
Q

What a codon?

A

triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein

92
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

a group of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that pairs with a complementary sequence (codon) in an mRNA molecule

93
Q

What is the promoter?

A

a region of a DNA molecule to which RNA polymerase binds an initiates transcription

94
Q

What is transcription?

A

transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated by RNA synthesis

95
Q

What is translation?

A

conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

96
Q

What is a template strand?

A

the single stranded DNA that serves to specify the nucleotide sequence of a newly synthesized polynucleotide strand

97
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the specific chemical compound that is acted on by an enzyme

98
Q

What is a product?

A

result of substrate x enzyme

99
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Sequence of biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes

100
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

amino acids that cannot by synthesized in the body and must be supplied in the diet

101
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

form of dwarfism

102
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that caused genetic mutation

103
Q

What is an ionizing radiation?

A

radiation that produces ions during the interaction with other matter, including molecules in cells

104
Q

What is nucleotide substitution?

A

mutations that involve the replacement of one or more nucleotides in a DNA molecule with other nucleotides

105
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

extreme sensitivity to UV rays

106
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

A molecular lesion in which chemical bonds form between a pari of adjacent thymine bases in a DNA molecule

107
Q

What is benign tumor?

A

a tumor that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue

108
Q

What is metastasis?

A

a process by which cells detach from the primary tumor and move to other sites, forming new malignant tumors

109
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

mutations that aren’t inherited nor passed to offspring

110
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

a cell self destructs

111
Q

What is a clone?

A

genetically identical molecules, cells, or organism, all derived from a single ancestor

112
Q

What are stem cells?

A

cells that can replicate themselves and form a variety of cell types in the body

113
Q

What is reproductive cloning?

A

cloning through a surrogate mother

114
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

a procedure in which damaged tissues or organs are repaired or replaced with genetically identical cells that originate from undifferentiated stem cells

115
Q

What is the gene pool?

A

the set of genetic information carried by the members of a sexually reproducing population

116
Q

What is genetic equilibrium?

A

the situation when the allele frequency for a particular gene remains constant from generation to generation

117
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

establishment of a new population with a few original founders

118
Q

What is genetic polymorphism?

A

the existence of many forms of DNA sequences at a locus within the population

Genetics (6 decks)

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