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Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of genetics

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2
Q

What is eugenics?

A

Idea that genetic selection should be used to improve the human race

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3
Q

What was wrong with the science behind eugenics?

A

There was no valid scientific evidence, it was anecdotal evidence (telling stories, testimonials)

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4
Q

How does hereditarianism compare to what we now know about the determination of human phenotype?

A

It is wrong

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5
Q

What social problems resulted from the eugenics movement?

A

Sterilized people, making decisions that affected other people profoundly, basically telling people they are worthless

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6
Q

Did Michigan sterilize individuals who clearly had genetic defects?

A

No they did it to “feeble minded” and “stupid” people as well

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7
Q

Does modern science give absolute answers to all questions involving human genetics?

A

No

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8
Q

What is hereditarianism and what is the invalid assumption it makes?

A

The idea that all human traits are determined only by genes.

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9
Q

What is a homolog?

A

pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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11
Q

What is a centromere?

A

a region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach, its how the chromosome moves around in a cell when it needs to

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12
Q

What is interphase?

A

The time between divisions in the cell cycle

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13
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Any cell that isn’t reproductive

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14
Q

What are gametes?

A

a reproductive or sex cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes

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15
Q

What is spermatocyte?

A

Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to form spermatids

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16
Q

What are spermatids?

A

The 4 haploid cells produced by meiotic division of a spermatocyte

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17
Q

What is spermatozoa?

A

The little swimmers

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18
Q

What is oocyte?

A

A cell from which the ovum develops from meiosis

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19
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Cells produced in female meiosis that will not function as gametes

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20
Q

What is an ovum?

A

The haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes the functional gamete

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21
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells with two copies of each chromosome (46)

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22
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

cells with one set of chromosomes (23)

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23
Q

What do haploid cells form?

A

Gametes (sperm and egg)

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24
Q

How does a haploid cell turn back into a diploid cell?

A

Fusion of haploids with fertilization returns the number back to diploid (46)

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25
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

X or Y

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26
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Any non sex chromosome

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27
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To make body cells. They duplicate an exact copy of 1 cell to 2 cells

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28
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce the gametes or sex cells in 2 divisions

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29
Q

What are the similarities between mitosis and meiosis?

A

They both have cytokinesis during telophases, they both use spindle fibers to separate chromatids

30
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces 2 identical cells. Meiosis produces haploid cells from diploid parent cells

31
Q

What is crossing over and why is it important?

A

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes. It is important because it produces genetic variety, allowing a species to adapt more easily to their environment

32
Q

How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis (including the timing)?

A

In spermatogenesis 4 small spermatids are formed. In Oogenesis 1 egg is formed. Spermatogenesis starts around puberty in the testes. Oogenesis starts 2-3 months after birth

33
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

To complete the breakdown of glucose, producing energy

34
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

To produce ribosomes

35
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To aid in the production of proteins

36
Q

How many autosomes are present in the body cell of a human being? In a gamete?

A

44 in a body (somatic) cell and 22 in a gamete

37
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Threadlike structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information

38
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA or protein components of a chromosome

39
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids do human haploid gametes contain?

A

23 of each

40
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

When two chromosomes share a pair (92)

41
Q

In the cell cycle, at which stages do two chromatids make up one chromosome?

A

At the beginning of mitosis (G2)

42
Q

Does the cell cycle refer mitosis as well as meiosis?

A

No meiosis is part of the life cycle

43
Q

Why is cell furrowing important in cell division? If cytokinesis did not occur what would be the result?

A

If cytokinesis did not occur the cell would not fully divide, resulting in one cell with two nuclei, 2 sets of DNA, etc

44
Q

During which phases of the mitotic cycle would the terms chromosome and chromatid refer to identical structures?

A

anaphase

45
Q

What type of cels do humans need to produce in large quantities on a daily basis?

A

somatic cells

46
Q

How can errors in the cell cycle lead to cancer in humans?

A

If a cell does not divide properly it can lead to cancerous cells

47
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis?

A

2 in mitosis, 4 in meiosis

48
Q

How many chromosomes are there per daughter cell in mitosis and meiosis?

A

2n in mitosis, n in meiosis

49
Q

Do chromosomes pair in mitosis and meiosis?

A

No in mitosis, yes in meiosis

50
Q

Do the chromosomes replicate before division in mitosis and meiosis?

A

Yes in mitosis, no in meiosis

51
Q

What is a summary of meiosis?

A

2 chromosomes pairs, chromosomes pair up (M1), separate, then sister chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes (M2)

52
Q

What does mitosis result in? (visually)

A

4 straight lines

53
Q

What is a testcross?

A

Crossing an organism with a dominant genotype to a recessive homozygous for a specific phenotype in order to determine dominant/recessiveness of the unknown genotype

54
Q

What is a backcross?

A

The cross of an individual (F1) with one of its parents (F2) or an organism with the same genotype as a parent

55
Q

What is epistasis?

A

the interaction of two or more non allele genes to control a single phenotype

56
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of requiring more genetic testing of newborns?

A

Advantages include detecting a disorder early. Disadvantages include being invasive and potential injury`

57
Q

Why were peas a better choice to experiment on than most animals or other plants?

A
  • the presence of easily observable traits with contrasting forms
  • produces many offspring in one cross
  • short life cycle and ease in cross pollination
58
Q

What is segregating during meiosis?

A

Gene pairs separate from each other during meiosis

59
Q

What is the principle of independent assortment?

A

After segregation alleles are randomly reunited at fertilization

60
Q

Which meiotic processes cause independent assortment?

A

During meiosis 1 the alleles split and then can recombine with genes from the other parent

61
Q

How many alleles can occur on a single individual?

A

2

62
Q

How many alleles can be passes on to a single offspring?

A

1

63
Q

What is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance?

A

incomplete: both alleles are blended (red + white = pink)

co-dominance: both alleles are shown (red + white = red and white splotches)

64
Q

What is a male on a pedigree?

A

a square

65
Q

How do Rh+ and Rh- relate to hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rh+ mothers have no issues. Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetus have issues

66
Q

What is hemizygous?

A

A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant conditions

67
Q

What is penetrance?

A

The probability that a disease phenotype will appear when a disease related genotype is present

68
Q

What is expressivity?

A

The range of phenotypes resulting from a given genotype

69
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Nonrandom mating pattern where individuals with similar phenotypes and genotypes mate (similar body types mating)

70
Q

What is consanguineous?

A

Marriage or mating among related individuals

71
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

the single gene controlling or influencing multiple phenotypes

72
Q

What is a phenocopy?

A

an environmentally induced phenotype mimicking one usually produced by a single genotype

Genetics (6 decks)

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