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Genetics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are multifactorial traits?

A

traits that result from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes

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2
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits that are controlled by two or more genes

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3
Q

What are complex traits?

A

Traits controlled by multiple genes, the interaction of genes with each other, and with environmental factors where the contribution of genes and environment are undefined

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4
Q

What is norm of reaction?

A

It is a curve that relates, for a given phenotype, the contribution of environmental variation to observed phenotypical variation

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5
Q

What is the normal curve of variation?

A

the bell curve

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6
Q

What are 1st degree relatives?

A

Parents, siblings, and children

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7
Q

What are 2nd degree relatives?

A

Grandparents, nephews, aunts, uncles, nieces

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8
Q

What are third degree relatives?

A

First cousins, great-grandparents and great-grandchildren

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9
Q

What is a quantitive trait?

A

the product of two or more genes and their environment

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10
Q

What is quantitive trait loci?

A

stretches of DNA containing or linked to the genes that underlie a quantitive trait

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11
Q

What heritability?

A

An expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype

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12
Q

What is variance?

A

genetic diversity in a population as a result of gene combinations

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13
Q

What concordance?

A

Agreement between traits exhibited by both twins

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14
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

hardening of the arteries

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16
Q

What is karyotype?

A

A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence

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17
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during cell division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome its characteristic shape

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18
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

The medical removal of a tissue to determine the presence of a disease

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19
Q

What is a polyploid?

A

An organism with one or more extra sets of chromosomes

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20
Q

What is a euploid?

A

Having a balanced set of any number of chromosomes

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21
Q

What is a aneuploid?

A

Having a chromosome number not a multiple of a haploid number

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22
Q

What is cytogenetics?

A

The branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of genes and chromosomes by using the techniques of microscopy

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23
Q

What is triploid?

A

Having three of every chromosome in a set

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24
Q

What is a tetraploid?

A

Having four of every chromosome in a set

25
Q

What is monosomy?

A

A condition in which one member of a chromosomal pair is missing; having one less than the diploid number (2n-1)

26
Q

What is trisomy?

A

A condition in which one chromosome is present in three copies, whereas all others are diploid; having one more than the diploid number (2n+1)

27
Q

What is deletion?

A

A mutation in which part of a chromosome or sequence of a DNA is missing

28
Q

What is duplication?

A

Any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene

29
Q

What is inversion?

A

A chromosomal rearrangement in which of segment of a chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

30
Q

What is translocation?

A

A chromosomal abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes

31
Q

What is an acentric chromosome?

A

A chromosome lacking a centromere

32
Q

What is a dicentric chromosome?

A

An aberrant chromosome with two 2 centromeres

33
Q

What is mosaic?

A

The presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg

34
Q

What is a double-blind study?

A

An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment

35
Q

What is dispermy?

A

The entrance of two spermazoa in one egg

36
Q

What is vas deferens?

A

A duct connected to the epididymis, which sperm travels through

37
Q

What is oviduct?

A

A duct with fingerlike projections partially surrounding the ovary and connecting to the uterus. Also called fallopian tubes

38
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A hallow, pear shaped muscular organ where an early embryo will implant and develop through pregnancy

39
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall which allows nutrient intake, waste elimination

40
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs where gametes are produced

41
Q

What are testes?

A

Male gonads that produce spermatozoa and sex hormones

42
Q

What is an ovary?

A

Female gonads that produce oocytes and female sex hormones

43
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of two gametes to produce a zygote

44
Q

What is an androgen?

A

male sex hormone

45
Q

What is barr body?

A

A densely staining mass in the somatic nuclei of mammalian females; an inactivated X chromosome

46
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

An organism that has both male and female organs

47
Q

What is a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

One that possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting physical characteristics of the opposite sex

48
Q

What is testosterone?

A

A steroid hormone produced by the testes; the male sex hormone

49
Q

What is estrogen?

A

the female sex hormone

50
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A female hormone produced by the ovaries during during release of a mature egg from an ovary

51
Q

What is ambiguous sex?

A

One who is independent of sexual orientation

52
Q

How are continuous variation and discontinuous variation different?

A

Discontinuous variation is genetic variations with extremes (pea plants) Continuous is a wide overlapping pattern (human traits)

53
Q

As the number of loci affecting a trait increases, what happens to the phenotypic distribution?

A

the phenotypical distribution increases

54
Q

What is the threshold effect?

A

Diabetes, and other traits like it, are thought to appear only when enough contributing genetic and environmental factors are present. Below that threshold value, the trait is not expressed.

55
Q

How does the threshold effect relate to multifactorial inheritance?

A

In multifactorial disorders the risk of recurrence depends on consanguinity, previous affected child, and severity of defect

56
Q

What is the difference between a heritable trait and a familial trait?

A

An heritable trait is one you can pass down. For example liking rap because you grew up with is a non heritable trait

57
Q

What is the difference and the genetic consequences between dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic is from one fertilization involving one egg and one sperm, they are genetically identical. Dizygotic are derived from two separate and nearly simultaneous fertilizations. Share on average 50% of genes.

58
Q

What is regression to the mean and why it happens?

A

the samples appear to regress towards the mean.

59
Q

How does IQ relate to intelligence?

A

IQ is an intelligent test

Genetics (6 decks)

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