Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Exam 3 - Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Terms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The building block of DNA and RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

a base, a phosphate, and a sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak chemical bonding force between hydrogen and another atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Chemical bonds that result from electron sharing between atoms. Covalent bonds are formed and broken during chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between a covalent bond and a hydrogen bond?

A

Covalent bonds are stronger and share electrons during chemical reactions. Hydrogen bonds are weak and bond hydrogen with other atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Pre-mRNA?

A

The transcript made from the DNA template that is processed and modified to form messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A single stranded complementary copy of the amino acid coding nucleotide sequence of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is rRNA?

A

RNA molecules that form part of the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Cytoplasmic particles that aid in the production of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Connects mRNA to the peptide chain with anticodons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an intron?

A

DNA sequences present in some genes that are transcribed but are removed during processing and therefore not present in mature mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an exon?

A

DNA sequences that are transcribed, joined to other exons, and translated into amino acid sequence of a proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton, and is capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) to form a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a base pair?

A

The two complementary, nitrogen rich molecules held together by weak chemical bonds. Two strands of DNA are held together in the shape of double helix by the bonds between their base pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the “-ase” suffix used for?

A

It is used to form names in enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent chemical link between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the N-terminus?

A

The end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free amino group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the C-terminus?

A

The end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free carboxyl group

20
Q

What is the 5’ flanking region?

A

The region of DNA which borders the 3’ end of a transcription unit and where a variety of regulatory sequences are located

21
Q

What is the 3’ flanking region?

A

The region of DNA which borders the 3’ end of a transcription unit and where a variety of regulatory sequences are located

22
Q

What is a codon?

A

Triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein

23
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A group of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that pairs with a complementary sequence (codon) in a mRNA molecule

24
Q

What is the promoter?

A

A region of DNA molecule to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

25
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated by RNA synthesis

26
Q

What is translation?

A

Conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

27
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The single stranded DNA that serves to specify the nucleotide sequence of a newly synthesized polynucleotide strand

28
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The specific chemical compound that is acted on by an enzyme

29
Q

What is a product?

A

The specific chemical compound that is the result of an enzymatic action. In biochemical pathways, a compound can serve as the product of one reaction and the substrate for the next reaction

30
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Any of the sequences of biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that occur in all living cells

31
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied in the diet

32
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

A form of dwarfism, normal intelligence, problem is converting cartilage to bone

33
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

A agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that caused genetic mutation

34
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that produces ions during interaction with other matter, including molecules in cells

35
Q

What is nucleotide substitution?

A

Mutations that involve replacement of one or more nucleotides in a DNA molecule with other nucleotides

36
Q

What is a thymine dimer?

A

A molecular lesion in which chemical bonds form between a pair of adjacent thymine bases in a DNA molecule

37
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Extreme sensitivity to UV rays

38
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Mutations that cause the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein

39
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Mutations that change an amino acid specifying a codon to one of the three termination codons

40
Q

What is a neutral mutation?

A

A mutation that has no selective advantage or disadvantage

41
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

A tumor that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue

42
Q

What is cancer?

A

The disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

43
Q

What is metastasis?

A

A process by which cells detach from the primary tumor and move to other sites, forming new malignant tumors in the body

44
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

A change in the genetic structure that is neither inherited nor passed to offspring

45
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A cell self destructs and leaves no trace it was ever there

Genetics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions