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animal physiology > FINAL TERMS > Flashcards

FINAL TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

countercurrent multiplication

A

concentrated urine, opposite flow

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2
Q

loop of henle

A

concentrated urine, blood plasma, hyperosmotic urine, new habits/lifestyles

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3
Q

ADH

A

water reabsorption, DCT, permeability, urine volume/concentration

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4
Q

DCL

A

reabsorb water/solutes, regulation of ratio, regulation of water in body

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5
Q

PCL

A

reabsorb filtrate
blood plasma
no change osmotic

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6
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A 
urine formation
glomerular blood pressure
afferent vessel
efferent vessel
vasomotor changes
exceeds rate of urine excretion, water reabsorbed
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7
Q

bowman’s capsule

A 
blood @ high pressure
filtration of solute (small, uncharged ions)
blood plasma
hydrostatic pressure
primary urine
beginning of nephron
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8
Q

kidney dialysis

A 
waste
excess water
minimal kidney function
no endocrine function
equilibrium of water/solutes
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9
Q

urine

A

endproduct
filtration
balanced concentration solutes/water

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10
Q

exercise

A

blood flow increase
drop in vascular resistance
vasodilation in vascular beds
preferential distribution

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11
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A 
capillaries
osmotic pressure
blood plasma
extracellular tissue
arterial --> out
venous --> in
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12
Q

starling-landis hypothesis

A 
blood plasma/capillaries
lose volume initial
regain final
net loss
lymphatic system
return to blood
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13
Q

capillary bed

A 
thin endothelium
physical openings (caps)
exchange of O2, water
blood/tissues
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14
Q

vasodilation

A

increase

blood flow increase –> arteriolar vasodilation

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15
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease

cold weather

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16
Q

viscosity

A 
intrinsic slipperiness
syruplike
blood flow
internal friction
frictionless
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17
Q

laminar flow

A

outermost layer –> no movement
center –> faster
concentric layers

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18
Q

vascular resistance

A

rate of blood flow

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19
Q

blood flow rate

A 
pressure at entry of tube
pressure at exit
radius
length
viscosity
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20
Q

blood pressure

A

ambient pressure
vascular system
factor

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21
Q

frank-starling mechanism

A

intrinsic control
stretching
force of contraction
match output to input

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22
Q

regulatory neurons

A

SA node…. sympathetic/para…

stimulation vs. inhibition

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23
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

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24
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of ventricles

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25
P wave
depolarization of the atria
26
electrocardiogram
voltage difference in skin vs. heart | reading of heart mechanics
27
AV node
only electrical window atria --> ventricles conducting system
28
pacemaker/SA node
myogenic spontaneous depolarization high frequency rhythm on whole
29
stroke volume
volume per cycle
30
cardiac output
volume per unit time heart rate stroke volume overall health indicator
31
diastole
relaxation | v pressure =
32
systole
contraction v pressure > a pressure increase in aortic pressure ejection
33
intercalated discks
``` gap junction mechanical adhesions mechanical strength coordination synchronous ```
34
phasic smooth muscle
rhythmic, intermittent spontaneous contraction single unit
35
tonic smooth muscle
``` maintain contraction (tone) nonspontaneous ```
36
multiunit smooth muscle
few gap jxns | independent
37
single unit smooth muscle
gap junctions -- tightly contract together single unit spontaneous
38
recruitment of MU
tension increase control tension varying number MU
39
motor unit
muscle fibers summation tetanic tension variation
40
tonic muscle fiber
``` postural no AP, changes in potential slow long-lasting low energetic costs ```
41
tetanus
high frequency contraction fused
42
summation
rapid stimulation addition greater than single
43
twitch
mechanical | latent, contraction, relaxation
44
tension
force | load
45
eccentric contraction
lengthening damage delayed soreness
46
concentric contraction
shortening | closer to center
47
isometric contraction
same length force load > muscle force elastic elements change???
48
CA2+-ATPAse
active transport low conc cyto high conc SR regulate contraction
49
T-tubules
sarcolemma interior of muscle contact with SR excitation
50
muscle atrophy
not used enzymatic breakdown aging contractile ability
51
muscle spindle
``` propioceptor length skeletal muscle spinal cord load posture movement ```
52
AChR
NMJ Ach influx Na+ musclular contraction
53
EC coupling
``` depolarization excitation activation contractile depolarization+contraction chem energy -> mech energy ```
54
Ca2+ (tropo/mroponoin)
``` regulator muscle contration conformational changes myosin cross-bridges muscle contraction ```
55
ATP
cross-brdige action hydrolysis inorganic phosphate unbinding (rigor)
56
troponin/tropomyosin
regulate myosin actin interaction binding site
57
titin
aligns maintains center springer of sarcomere
58
cross-bridge
stimulation muscle cell actin filaments mech force muscle contraction
59
sarcolemma
membrane | maintains AP
60
pineal gland/melatonin
circadian night season rhythm reproduction
61
suprachiasmatic nuclei
master circadian clock rhythmic clock genes
62
entrainment
into phase environmental rhythm biological rhythm
63
free-running rhythm
circadian rhythm removed environmental cure shortening
64
circadian rhythm
endogenous rhythm coupled to/dependent environmental cues daily-light dark
65
sleep
``` quiescent inactivity homeostatically regulated reduce movement sensory resposiveness conserve energy consolidation of memory ```
66
endogenous rhythm
continue in absence of environmental information about time
67
biological clock
``` endogenous rhythmic modulation timed pattern physiology independent from environment ```
68
enteric
gut
69
parasympathetic
rest-and-digest
70
sympathetic
fight-or-flight
71
plasticity
``` development maturation experience learning synapse ```
72
brain map
anatomical organization record/recall where stimulus occurs

animal physiology (15 decks)

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