Ch. 1

Question 1

1. Which of the following statements about the discipline of physiology is false?
   a. It is one of biology’s most integrative disciplines.
   b. It is a key discipline for understanding how animals change over Earth’s history.
   c. It is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals.
   d. It is a key discipline for understanding human health and disease.
   e. It is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

2. To understand how a fish propels itself by applying forces to the water, physiologists would study its
   a. biomechanics.
   b. evolution.
   c. chemistry.
   d. ecology.
   e. cell physiology.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

3. In the study of physiology, the term “_______” refers to the components of living animals and the interactions among those components that enable animals to perform as they do.
   a. feedback
   b. regulation
   c. natural selection
   d. physiology
   e. mechanism

Answer 3

E

Question 4

5. In the firefly, _______ acts like an on/off switch that determines whether the light cells do or do not produce light.
   a. nitric oxide (NO)
   b. ATP
   c. oxygen
   d. luciferase
   e. nitrous oxide (NO2)

Answer 4

A

Question 5

6. Which of the following is not needed in the mechanism of light production in the firefly?
   a. Oxygen
   b. ATP
   c. Nitric oxide
   d. Light
   e. Luciferin

Answer 5

D

Question 6

7. In the firefly, light is emitted when
   a. ATP combines with luciferin, forming luciferyl-AMP.
   b. released nitric oxide blocks the mitochondria’s use of oxygen.
   c. the electron-excited product of O2 and luciferyl-AMP returns to its ground state.
   d. oxygen combines with luciferyl-AMP.
   e. luciferase is activated by oxygen.

Answer 6

C

Question 7

8. Which of the following is considered the “on” switch for the light emitting reaction of the firefly?
   a. Oxygen
   b. Luciferase
   c. Nitric oxide
   d. ATP
   e. Luciferin

Answer 7

C

Question 8

9. A physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution and is advantageous is called
   a. an adaptation.
   b. natural selection.
   c. adaptive significance.
   d. evolution.
   e. genetic drift.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

10. What is the adaptive significance of light emission in the firefly?
    a. Female fireflies emit light in such a way that distinguishes their species.
    b. Female fireflies emit light to see at night.
    c. All fireflies emit light to lure prey.
    d. Male fireflies emit light to attract mates.
    e. Male fireflies emit light to evade predators.

Answer 9

D

Question 10

11. Which of the following is a similarity between an octopus and a fish?
    a. The evolutionary adaptation of excellent vision
    b. The mechanism of vision
    c. The processing of visual signals before reaching the optic nerve
    d. Both a and b
    e. All of the above

Answer 10

A

Question 11

12. Research in the field of _______ physiology emphasizes synthesis across levels of biological organization.
    a. mechanistic
    b. evolutionary
    c. comparative
    d. environmental
    e. integrative

Answer 11

E

Question 12

13. Which of the following statements about animals is false?
    a. There is no distinction between an animal and its environment.
    b. Animals are structurally dynamic.
    c. Animals are organized systems.
    d. Animals require energy to maintain their organization.
    e. Body size is significant in the lives of all animals.

Answer 12

A

Question 13

14. Most cells of an animal
    a. are exposed to the external environment.
    b. are exposed to the internal environment.
    c. fluctuate between exposure to the external environment and the internal environment.
    d. turn over while being exposed to the internal environment.
    e. None of the above

Answer 13

B

Question 14

16. A migrating salmon regulates its internal Cl– concentration while conforming to water temperature. The first process is shown in figure _______, and the second process is shown in figure _______.
    a. a; b
    b. b; a
    c. b; d
    d. a; c
    e. None of the above

Answer 14

B

Question 15

17. Figure _______ shows an animal’s regulation of its body temperature as the external temperature increases. Figure _______ shows an animal’s continuous regulation of its body temperature if the external temperature continues to increase.
    a. a; b
    b. b; a
    c. b; d
    d. b; c
    e. None of the above

Answer 15

B

Question 16

18. Which of the following statements regarding physiological conformity and regulation is true?
    a. All animals will eventually conform.
    b. Animals are either regulators or conformers.
    c. An animal cannot be both an ion regulator and a temperature conformer.
    d. Conforming is more metabolically expensive compared to regulating.
    e. All of the above

Answer 16

A

Question 17

19. The functioning of regulatory mechanisms that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy is called
    a. conformity.
    b. feedback.
    c. homeostasis.
    d. regulation.
    e. set point.

Answer 17

C

Question 18

20. During childbirth, muscular contractions acting to expel the fetus from the uterus induce hormonal signals that induce even more intense contractions. This is an example of
    a. homeostasis.
    b. negative feedback.
    c. a controlled variable.
    d. a set point.
    e. positive feedback.

Answer 18

E

Question 19

21. Physiological changes that occur by alteration of gene frequencies over the course of many generations are referred to as _______ changes.
    a. acute
    b. chronic
    c. evolutionary
    d. developmental
    e. None of the above

Answer 19

C

Question 20

22. _______ is an example of “abandoning constancy” during thermoregulation.
    a. Walking
    b. Sweating
    c. Shivering
    d. Hibernating
    e. Huddling

Answer 20

D

Question 21

23. Which of the following is the principal disadvantage of conformity?
    a. The process requires a large amount of energy.
    b. It allows cells to function in steady conditions.
    c. Virtually no energy is produced by this process.
    d. Cells are subject to changes in their conditions.
    e. None of the above

Answer 21

D

Question 22

24. Sweating in response to heat is an example of a(n)
    a. acute change.
    b. chronic change.
    c. evolutionary change.
    d. developmental change.
    e. change controlled by a periodic biological clock.

Answer 22

A

Question 23

27. Which of the following is not a response exhibited by individuals?
    a. Acute response
    b. Chronic response
    c. Evolutionary response
    d. Developmental response
    e. Response controlled by a periodic biological clock

Answer 23

C

Question 24

28. Rainbow trout captured and brought into a lab aquarium undergo a chronic adjustment to the conditions in the lab. This process is called
    a. phenotypic plasticity.
    b. feedback inhibition.
    c. acclimatization.
    d. development.
    e. acclimation.

Answer 24

E

Question 25

32. Which of the following statements regarding the Antarctic fish species rock cod is false?
    a. Some species have no hemoglobin.
    b. The fish metabolically synthesize antifreeze to keep from freezing.
    c. The fish live their entire lives at body temperatures near –1.6°C.
    d. If acclimated slowly enough, the fish can survive in tropical waters.
    e. The fish lay their eggs in holes or depressions in ice sheets.

Answer 25

D

Question 26

33. _______ can tolerate a body temperature of _______, one of the highest body temperatures recorded for any vertebrate animal.
    a. Humans; 50°C
    b. Thermophilic archaea; 100°C
    c. The desert cactus; 68.5°C
    d. The desert iguana; 48.5°C
    e. Sea stars; 45.5°C

Answer 26

D

Question 27

36. In which of the following habitats would O2 concentration most likely be the lowest?
    a. A subnivean air space
    b. A professor’s office
    c. An open meadow at 4000 m elevation
    d. The bottom of a waterfall
    e. Pond water with a lot of algae

Answer 27

E

Question 28

37. At altitudes above _______ m, people often find simply walking uphill to be a significant challenge.
    a. 5000
    b. 6500
    c. 9000
    d. 10,000
    e. 21,000

Answer 28

B

Question 29

38. In order to obtain O2, water-breathers face a substantially greater challenge compared to air-breathers. Which of the following is not a reason for this difference?
    a. The solubility of O2 in water is not high.
    b. Water contains less O2 per liter than air does.
    c. Water is denser than air.
    d. Water can become anoxic more readily than air can.
    e. Oxygen diffuses more slowly across respiratory surfaces in water than in air.

Answer 29

E

Question 30

39. Most invertebrates that live in the ocean, such as sea stars and corals,
    a. tend to gain water via osmosis.
    b. tend to lose water via osmosis.
    c. must drink water.
    d. must actively excrete water.
    e. do not gain or lose much water.

Answer 30

E

Question 31

40. Which of the following animals gains the most water osmotically per gram on a daily basis?
    a. Sea star
    b. Goldfish
    c. Lobster
    d. Coral
    e. Reef fish

Answer 31

B

Question 32

41. Certain _______ can tolerate almost complete desiccation.
    a. toads
    b. humans
    c. tardigrades
    d. marine bony fish
    e. goldfish

Answer 32

C

Question 33

42. The subnivean air space is an example of a(n)
    a. thermocline.
    b. microenvironment.
    c. desert burrow.
    d. hibernaculum.
    e. anoxic environment.

Answer 33

B

Question 34

43. Which of the following is not considered a process that could lead to nonadaptive evolution?
    a. Natural selection
    b. Genetic drift
    c. Bottlenecks
    d. Pleiotropy
    e. Natural disasters

Answer 34

A

Question 35

44. Which of the following best demonstrates the process of evolution?
    a. The increased presence of a trait favored by natural selection
    b. A change of gene frequencies over time
    c. The presence of a trait in a population that confers a disadvantage on members of the population
    d. The shifting of gene frequencies in a population because of random events
    e. The change in an animal’s phenotype in response to environmental change

Answer 35

B

Question 36

45. The shift in gene frequencies in smaller populations because of random deaths is referred to as
    a. evolution.
    b. adaptation.
    c. nonadaptive evolution.
    d. genetic drift.
    e. pleiotropy.

Answer 36

D

Question 37

46. The mosquito Culex pipiens has evolved a tolerance to orthophosphate insecticides. Because of _______, this species is concurrently evolving a lower tolerance for colder temperatures.
    a. genetic drift
    b. pleiotropy
    c. maladaptation
    d. evolution
    e. nonadaptive evolution

Answer 37

B

Question 38

47. Which of the following was not one of the conclusions of the seminal 1979 paper by Gould and Lewontin?
    a. Natural selection in the present environment is just one of several processes by which a species may come to exhibit a trait.
    b. A trait is not an adaptation merely because it exists.
    c. When physiologists refer to a trait as an adaptation, they are making a hypothesis that natural selection has occurred.
    d. Data must be gathered in order to assess whether adaptation is likely to have occurred.
    e. Indirect evidence cannot be used to support the hypothesis of adaptation.

Answer 38

E

Question 39

48. Which of the following methods is based on the premise that although we cannot see evolution that occurred in the past, the many kinds of animals alive today provide us with many examples of outcomes of evolution, and patterns we identify in these outcomes may provide insights into processes that occurred long ago?
    a. The Doppler method
    b. Studies of laboratory populations over many generations
    c. The adaptation method
    d. Phylogenetic reconstruction
    e. The comparative method

Answer 39

E

Question 40

50. The raw material(s) for evolution is (are)
    a. trait variation.
    b. natural selection.
    c. clines.
    d. alleles.
    e. the environment.

Answer 40

D

Question 41

1. Which of the following statements regarding the discipline of physiology is false?
   a. Physiologists study how animals work.
   b. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals.
   c. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding human health and disease.
   d. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals.
   e. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the social context of human disease.

Answer 41

E

Question 42

2. Which of the following is an example of a possible physiological effect a river dam could impose on migrating Pacific salmon?
   a. It could block the migrating salmon.
   b. It may let salmon pass but cost them too much energy.
   c. It could let them pass but may interfere with subsequent navigation.
   d. It could allow earlier spawning.
   e. It could slow the salmon and make them more vulnerable to predation.

Answer 42

B

Question 43

3. _______ refers to the components of actual, living animals and the interactions among those components that enable the animals to perform as they do.
   a. Mechanism
   b. Adaptation
   c. Natural selection
   d. Adaptive significance
   e. Cell theory

Answer 43

A

Question 44

4. Populations of one salmon species differ genetically, and this difference increases as the physical distance between them increases. This statement refers to the study of which level of organization?
   a. Systems physiology
   b. Cell physiology
   c. Morphology
   d. Ecology
   e. Evolution

Answer 44

E

Question 45

5. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the mechanism of the light-emitting reaction in the firefly?
   a. Oxygen reacts with luciferin to produce light.
   b. Oxygen reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light.
   c. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferin to produce light.
   d. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light.
   e. Nitric oxide reacts with the mitochondria to produce light.

Answer 45

B

Question 46

6. The increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that an animal will survive and reproduce is called
   a. a trait.
   b. feedback.
   c. adaptive significance.
   d. natural selection.
   e. adaptation.

Answer 46

D

Question 47

7. Which of the following statements regarding fish eyes and octopus eyes is most accurate?
   a. They are similar in gross appearance and functional performance but differ in their adaptive significance and mechanisms.
   b. They are similar in gross appearance but differ in their functional performance, adaptive significance, and mechanisms.
   c. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance but differ in their mechanisms.
   d. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, adaptive significance, and mechanism.
   e. They differ in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance, but are similar in their mechanisms.

Answer 47

C

Question 48

8. If an animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal, it is said to show
   a. conformity.
   b. regulation.
   c. homeostasis.
   d. physiological independence.
   e. evolution.

Answer 48

A

Question 49

9. Which of the following statements regarding conformity and regulation is false?
   a. Animals can be both regulators and conformers.
   b. Conformity and regulation are extremes; intermediate responses are more common.
   c. Animals frequently show conformity with respect to some characteristics while regulating others.
   d. Conformity costs more energy to maintain than regulation.
   e. Maintaining internal constancy in the face of external variability defines regulation.

Answer 49

D

Question 50

10. Testosterone is released by the testes in response to luteinizing hormone released from the pituitary gland. As circulating testosterone levels rise, they act on the pituitary gland to reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone, thus reducing the production of testosterone. This is a classic example of
    a. positive feedback.
    b. negative feedback.
    c. adaptation.
    d. conformity.
    e. acclimation.

Answer 50

B

Question 51

11. A surprise phone call at 3:00 AM results in an increase in heart rate. This is an example of a(n)
    a. acute change.
    b. chronic change.
    c. evolutionary change.
    d. developmental change.
    e. change controlled by a biological clock.

Answer 51

A

Question 52

12. Acclimatization is an example of a(n)
    a. acute change.
    b. chronic change.
    c. evolutionary change.
    d. developmental change.
    e. change controlled by a biological clock.

Answer 52

B

Question 53

13. Length of gestation _______ body size in mammals.
    a. is inversely proportional to
    b. is independent
    c. is unrelated to
    d. is conditional upon
    e. scales as a regular function of

Answer 53

E

Question 54

14. The lowest temperature inhabited by active communities of relatively large, temperature-conforming animals is
    a. 10°C.
    b. 1.9°C.
    c. 0°C.
    d. –1.9°C.
    e. –10°C.

Answer 54

D

Question 55

15. The number of species of swallowtail butterflies tends to
    a. increase at high longitudes.
    b. be independent of latitude.
    c. increase at low latitudes.
    d. increase at high latitudes.
    e. increase at high altitudes.

Answer 55

C

Question 56

16. The altitude limit at which dedicated human climbers can climb without supplemental oxygen is about
    a. 2000 m.
    b. 5000 m.
    c. 8000 m.
    d. 12,000 m.
    e. 15,000 m.

Answer 56

C

Question 57

17. In the summer, a sun-heated lake will tend to have the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen
    a. at the lake’s surface.
    b. about 2 m below the lake’s surface.
    c. at about the middle depth of the lake.
    d. within the thermocline of the lake.
    e. at the bottom of the lake.

Answer 57

E

Question 58

18. For terrestrial animals, one of the greatest physiological challenges is
    a. obtaining food.
    b. obtaining oxygen.
    c. finding shelter.
    d. preventing water loss.
    e. locomotion.

Answer 58

D

Question 59

19. A change of gene frequencies over time in a population of organisms is referred to as
    a. evolution.
    b. adaptation.
    c. genetic drift.
    d. pleiotropy.
    e. a bottleneck.

Answer 59

A

Question 60

20. The process of chance assuming a preeminent role in altering gene frequencies is called
    a. evolution.
    b. adaptation.
    c. genetic drift.
    d. pleiotropy.
    e. natural selection.

Answer 60

C