Ch. 27

Question 1

1. Larger crustaceans, such as a blue crab, have an exoskeleton impregnated with
   a. cellulose.
   b. calcium.
   c. phospholipids.
   d. proteoglycans.
   e. glycolipids.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

2. The purpose of taking excess water into the body during the process of molting is to
   a. swell the body to fight off predators.
   b. provide structural rigidity.
   c. increase the osmotic pressure.
   d. expand the body to make a larger exoskeleton.
   e. Both b and d

Answer 2

E

Question 3

3. Most mammals are _______ water.
   a. 30%
   b. 40%
   c. 50%
   d. 60%
   e. 80%

Answer 3

D

Question 4

4. In the body, water is found in the largest quantity in the
   a. extracellular fluid.
   b. interstitial fluid.
   c. intracellular fluid.
   d. blood.
   e. plasma.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

5. In a person who weighs 70 Kg, _____ of that is water.
   a. 20 Kg
   b. 30 Kg
   c. 42 Kg
   d. 52 Kg
   e. 62 Kg

Answer 5

C

Question 6

6. Which of the following statements about the importance of ions in body fluids is false?
   a. Ionic concentrations can have a direct effect on the three-dimensional shape of proteins and thus their function.
   b. Ionic concentrations can change the pH, increasing it or decreasing, thus affecting the function of proteins.
   c. Ionic concentrations can affect synaptic transmission in neurons.
   d. Ionic concentrations have no effect on the rhythm of the heart.
   e. Ionic concentration can effect on muscle movements.

Answer 6

D

Question 7

7. Which of the following allows ions to cross the cell membrane?
   a. Simple diffusion
   b. Facilitated diffusion
   c. Primary active transport
   d. Secondary active transport
   e. All of the above

Answer 7

E

Question 8

8. Which of the following does not allow movement of water across a cell membrane?
   a. Carriers
   b. Endocytotic vesicles
   c. Channels
   d. The lipid portion of the membrane
   e. Transporters

Answer 8

D

Question 9

9. _______ allow for water and ion movement across the blood–capillary endothelium.
   a. Pores
   b. Transcytosis across the endothelial cells
   c. Channels
   d. Carriers
   e. Transporters

Answer 9

A

Question 10

10. Typically, if the blood osmolarity were 500 mOsm, then interstitial fluid osmolarity would be _______ mOsm.
    a. 200
    b. 300
    c. 400
    d. 500
    e. 600

Answer 10

D

Question 11

11. If you submerge a mussel in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure progressively increases, the blood osmotic pressure of the mussel will
    a. also progressively increase.
    b. also progressively decrease.
    c. increase first and then decrease.
    d. decrease first and then increase.
    e. not change.

Answer 11

A

Question 12

12. If you submerge an animal in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure increases, but the animal’s blood osmotic pressure does not change, it can be concluded that this animal is a
    a. conformer.
    b. regulator.
    c. migrator.
    d. conformer and regulator.
    e. concentrator.

Answer 12

B

Question 13

13. The maintenance of constant concentration of ions in the blood plasma is known as
    a. ionic conformity.
    b. ionic regulation.
    c. ionic concentration.
    d. volume regulation.
    e. volume conformity.

Answer 13

B

Question 14

14. If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of salted popcorn, after few hours your plasma salt concentration will
    a. increase.
    b. decrease.
    c. be at the normal level.
    d. increase and then decrease.
    e. decrease and then increase.

Answer 14

C

Question 15

15. If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of popcorn with salt, after few minutes, your plasma salt concentration will
    a. increase.
    b. decrease.
    c. be at the normal level.
    d. increase and then decrease.
    e. decrease and then increase.

Answer 15

A

Question 16

16. If a freshwater fish takes in a quantity of water from its dilute environment by osmosis, the osmotic pressure in its plasma will tend to
    a. increase.
    b. decrease.
    c. remain the same.
    d. remain the same and then increase.
    e. fluctuate wildly.

Answer 16

B

Question 17

17. Seawater in the open ocean has a uniform salinity of _______ g/Kg.
    a. 24–26
    b. 32–48
    c. 30–32
    d. 32–34
    e. 34–46

Answer 17

E

Question 18

18. The mixing of freshwater with ocean water along coastlines is termed
    a. freshwater mixing.
    b. salt water mixing.
    c. brackish water.
    d. volume conformity.
    e. pond water.

Answer 18

C

Question 19

19. Humidity loosely refers to the
    a. oxygen content in the atmosphere.
    b. water content in the atmosphere.
    c. carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
    d. nitrogen content in the atmosphere.
    e. oxygen content in the ocean.

Answer 19

B

Question 20

20. Evaporation occurs if the partial pressure in a solution
    a. is below the partial pressure in the plasma.
    b. is below the partial pressure in the atmosphere.
    c. equals the partial pressure in the atmosphere.
    d. exceeds the partial pressure in the plasma.
    e. exceeds the partial pressure in the atmosphere.

Answer 20

E

Question 21

21. If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 2x and the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is 4x, the evaporation rate will
    a. stay the same.
    b. increase first slightly and then increases significantly.
    c. decrease.
    d. increase.
    e. cease.

Answer 21

D

Question 22

22. If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 10 mmHg and the evaporation rate increases, then we can assume that the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is _______ mmHg.
    a. 5
    b. 8
    c. 10
    d. 15
    e. 25

Answer 22

D

Question 23

23. Animal A has a body temperature of 35°C and animal B has a body temperature of 40°C. Which of the two animals would lose more water?
    a. Animal A because the air it exhales has more water vapor.
    b. Animal B because the air it exhales has more water vapor.
    c. Animal A because the air it inhales has more water vapor.
    d. Animal B because the air it inhales has more water vapor.
    e. Both animals would lose the same amount of water.

Answer 23

B

Question 24

27. Which of the following animals has the lowest K value?
    a. Reindeer
    b. Lizard
    c. Mouse
    d. Rat
    e. Frog

Answer 24

B

Question 25

28. Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which of the following animals will have the highest rate of evaporation?
    a. A mammal in a hot desert where humidity is very low
    b. A mammal in a cold desert where humidity is very low
    c. A lizard in a hot desert where humidity is very high
    d. A lizard in a cold desert where humidity is very high
    e. A lizard in a tropical forest where humidity is very high.

Answer 25

A

Question 26

29. At which temperature will an animal whose body surface temperature is 32°C have the highest rate of condensation?
    a. 25°C
    b. 28°C
    c. 30°C
    d. 31°C
    e. 35°C

Answer 26

E

Question 27

30. Which of the following will most likely accompany evaporation?
    a. The blood will become hypertonic.
    b. The blood will become hypotonic.
    c. The blood tonicity will not change.
    d. The blood will become isotonic.
    e. The blood will become equitonic.

Answer 27

A

Question 28

31. The most fundamental function of the _______ is to prevent an animal from reaching an isosmotic line.
    a. liver
    b. small intestine
    c. kidney
    d. stomach
    e. spleen

Answer 28

C

Question 29

32. In most aquatic animals, the organ whose function is equivalent to the mammalian kidney is the
    a. kidney.
    b. gill.
    c. mantle.
    d. tentacle.
    e. aorta.

Answer 29

B

Question 30

33. An animal whose blood osmolarity is 100 mOsm and urine osmolarity is 80 mOSm will have _______ that is _______ to the plasma.
    a. urine; hyperosmotic
    b. urine; isosmotic
    c. blood; hyperosmotic
    d. blood; hyposmotic
    e. urine; chemiosmotic

Answer 30

C

Question 31

34. An animal whose blood osmolarity is 70 mOsm and urine osmolarity is 90 mOsm will have _______ that is _______ to the plasma.
    a. urine; hyperosmotic
    b. urine; isosmotic
    c. blood; hyperosmotic
    d. blood; hyposmotic
    e. urine; chemiosmotic

Answer 31

C

Question 32

35. The range of osmotic U/P ratio in humans is
    a. 0.1 to 2.
    b. 0.1 to 3.
    c. 0.1 to 4.
    d. 0.1 to 4.5.
    e. 0.1 to 5.

Answer 32

C

Question 33

36. Urine that is hyposmotic to the blood plasma contains a
    a. large amount of water.
    b. normal amount of water.
    c. low amount of water.
    d. high amount of solutes and waste product.
    e. None of the above

Answer 33

A

Question 34

37. An ionic U/P ratio that is greater than 1 indicates that the urine contains
    a. more sodium compared to the plasma.
    b. less sodium compared to the plasma.
    c. the same amount of sodium as the plasma does.
    d. an overabundance of potassium.
    e. more sodium compared to the plasma, however, the concentration is equal.

Answer 34

A

Question 35

38. If a human drank sea water, ingestion of which of the following ions would be most responsible for tissue dehydration?
    a. Sodium
    b. Potassium
    c. Chloride
    d. Magnesium
    e. Calcium

Answer 35

C

Question 36

39. Plants that tolerate and assimilate high concentrations of salt are called
    a. salty plants.
    b. byrophytes.
    c. ferns.
    d. halophytes.
    e. stipes.

Answer 36

D

Question 37

40. Which of the following results in water formation when consumed?
    a. Proteins
    b. Lipids
    c. Carbohydrates
    d. Both a and b
    e. Both b and c

Answer 37

E

Question 38

41. Which of the following would cause the greatest loss of water when consumed?
    a. Proteins, because they require urea for catabolism.
    b. Proteins, because they generate carbon dioxide.
    c. Carbohydrates, because they generate carbon dioxide.
    d. Lipids, because they generate nitrogenous wastes.
    e. Proteins, because they generate urea.

Answer 38

E

Question 39

42. Your friend is on a high-protein diet. As a result of the higher protein intake, your friend will most likely
    a. lose water because water is important for protein storage.
    b. gain water because water is needed to breakdown the protein.
    c. lose water because water is needed to excrete the excess urea produced from protein catabolism.
    d. lose water because water is needed to excrete the excess urea produced from protein anabolism.
    e. gain water because excess protein causes water storage.

Answer 39

C

Question 40

43. Water produced by cellular respiration is called _______ water.
    a. catabolic
    b. cellular respiration
    c. preformed
    d. hydration
    e. metabolic

Answer 40

E

Question 41

44. The fluid that directly bathes the cells is called
    a. cytosol.
    b. cytoplasm.
    c. plasma.
    d. extracellular fluid.
    e. interstitial fluid.

Answer 41

D

Question 42

45. Kangaroo rats and laboratory rats differ in
    a. gross metabolic water produced.
    b. obligatory water loss via respiration.
    c. obligatory water loss via urine.
    d. obligatory water loss via feces.
    e. Both c and d

Answer 42

E

Question 43

46. If cells are submerged in hypertonic solution they will
    a. expand.
    b. burst.
    c. maintain the same volume.
    d. shrivel.
    e. Insufficient information is given to make a determination.

Answer 43

D

Question 44

47. If the osmotic U/P ratio is greater than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water
    a. to move into cells causing them to expand and eventually lyse.
    b. to move out of cells causing them to shrivel.
    c. not to move.
    d. to move into cells causing them to expand but not lyse since water will move out immediately.
    e. to move out of cells but not shrivel since water will move in immediately.

Answer 44

A

Question 45

48. If the osmotic U/P ratio is less than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water
    a. to move into cells causing them to expand and eventually lyse.
    b. to move out of cells causing them to shrivel.
    c. not to move.
    d. to move into cells causing them to expand but not lyse since water will move out immediately.
    e. to move out of cells but not shrivel since water will move in immediately..

Answer 45

B

Question 46

49. A cell that has _______ mOsm has the highest osmotic pressure.
    a. 300
    b. 400
    c. 500
    d. 600
    e. 700

Answer 46

E

Question 47

50. A cell that has _______ mOsm has the lowest osmotic pressure.
    a. 300
    b. 400
    c. 500
    d. 600
    e. 700

Answer 47

A

Question 48

1. A blue crab must molt about ______ times over the course of its life.
   a. 15
   b. 20
   c. 25
   d. 30
   e. 35

Answer 48

C

Question 49

2. Comparatively speaking, where in the body is water found in the lowest quantity?
   a. Cell cytosol
   b. Interstitial fluid
   c. Extracellular fluid
   d. Cytoplasm
   e. Plasma

Answer 49

E

Question 50

3. A person who has 42 Kg in water weight will have a total body weight of _______ Kg.
   a. 42
   b. 52
   c. 60
   d. 70
   e. 80

Answer 50

D

Question 51

4. Typically, if the interstitial osmolarity is 400 mOsm, then blood osmolarity will be _______ mOsm.
   a. 200
   b. 300
   c. 400
   d. 500
   e. 600

Answer 51

C

Question 52

5. If ambient osmotic pressure increases, and an animal’s blood osmotic pressure increases at the same rate, the animal is a
   a. regulator.
   b. conformer.
   c. migrator.
   d. conformer and a regulator.
   e. Insufficient information is provided to classify the animal.

Answer 52

B

Question 53

6. If you conduct an experiment in which you submerge shrimp in an environment where the ambient osmotic pressure keeps increasing, the blood osmotic pressure of the shrimp will
   a. increase.
   b. decrease.
   c. increase first and then decrease.
   d. decrease first and then increase.
   e. not change.

Answer 53

E

Question 54

7. The matching of ionic concentration in the blood plasma to the ionic concentration of the external environment is known as
   a. ionic conformity.
   b. ionic regulation.
   c. ionic concentration.
   d. volume regulation.
   e. volume conformity.

Answer 54

A

Question 55

8. The salinity of freshwater is less than _______ g/Kg.
   a. 2.5
   b. 2
   c. 1.5
   d. 1
   e. 0.5

Answer 55

E

Question 56

9. As the difference in partial pressure increases across two solutions, the rate of evaporation
   a. stays the same.
   b. increases first slightly and then increases significantly.
   c. decreases.
   d. increases.
   e. There is no direct link between the partial pressure difference and the rate of evaporation.

Answer 56

D

Question 57

10. Consider two animals with different body temperatures: Animal A has a body temperature of 25°C and animal B has a body temperature of 30°C. Which of the two animals would exhale more water vapor?
    a. Animal A, because cooler air holds more water vapor.
    b. Animal B, because warmer air holds more water vapor.
    c. Both animals would exhale the same amount of water vapor.
    d. Animal B, because the air it inhales has more vapor pressure.
    e. Insufficient information is provided to answer the question.

Answer 57

B

Question 58

12. Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which of the following animals will have the highest rate of dehydration?
    a. A mammal in a hot desert with a core temperature of 37°C
    b. A mammal in a cold desert with a core temperature of 35°C
    c. A mammal in a hot desert with a core temperature of 40°C
    d. A mammal in a cold desert with a core temperature of 25°C
    e. Mammals have the same rate of evaporation regardless of core temperature.

Answer 58

C

Question 59

13. When an animal loses water by evaporation, osmotic pressure in the blood
    a. decreases.
    b. decreases and then increases.
    c. does not change.
    d. increases.
    e. There is no correlation between evaporation and osmotic pressure.

Answer 59

D

Question 60

14. Which of the following organs plays the most important role in regulating blood composition?
    a. Liver
    b. Spleen
    c. Stomach
    d. Small intestine
    e. Kidneys

Answer 60

E

Question 61

15. Urine that is hyperosmotic contains a
    a. large amount of water.
    b. normal amount of water.
    c. low amount of water.
    d. high amount of solutes and waste product.
    e. There is no correlation between the quantity of water and urine osmolarity.

Answer 61

C

Question 62

16. An ionic U/P ratio that is less than 1 indicates that the urine
    a. contains more sodium compared to the plasma.
    b. contains less sodium compared to the plasma.
    c. contains an equal amount of sodium relative to the plasma.
    d. appears to contain more sodium compared to the plasma; however, the concentrations are equal.
    e. There is insufficient information to reach a conclusion.

Answer 62

B

Question 63

17. The amount of water formed per 1 gram of carbohydrates metabolized is _______ g.
    a. 0.56
    b. 1.07
    c. 0.40
    d. 0.50
    e. 1.2

Answer 63

A

Question 64

18. When blood cells are submerged in a hypotonic solution they will
    a. expand.
    b. decrease in volume.
    c. maintain the same volume.
    d. shrivel.
    e. Insufficient information to predict

Answer 64

A

Question 65

19. Which of the following ions is the principal solute used to regulate cell-volume in mammals?
    a. Sodium
    b. Potassium
    c. Calcium
    d. Water ions
    e. Protons

Answer 65

B

Question 66

20. Which of the following compounds does not tend to stabilize enzymes in cells?
    a. Betaine
    b. Trimethylamine oxide
    c. Glycine
    d. Urea
    e. Sarcosine

Answer 66

D