Ch. 3

Question 1

1. For the Antarctic icefish, a consequence of their lack of hemoglobin is that they
   a. are sluggish and therefore prone to predation.
   b. are restricted to very cold water.
   c. have translucent blood.
   d. are very small in size.
   e. freeze easily in cold water.

Answer 1

b

Question 2

2. The coldest water that icefish typically inhabit is
   a. 4.9°C.
   b. 1.9°C.
   c. 0°C.
   d. –1.9°C.
   e. –4.9°C.

Answer 2

d

Question 3

3. Today, there are _______ species of icefish.
   a. two
   b. about 16
   c. about 50
   d. about 100
   e. well over 1000

Answer 3

b

Question 4

4. How many genes code for the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule?
   a. 1
   b. 2
   c. 4
   d. 8
   e. At least 16

Answer 4

b

Question 5

5. Which of the following statements regarding the vertebrate hemoglobin molecule is false?
   a. It consists of α and β subunits.
   b. Vertebrates have multiple copies of the genes that code for globins.
   c. The genes that code for globin diverged only recently.
   d. In birds and mammals, genes that code for α-globin are located on a different chromosome from those that code for β-globin.
   e. In fish, genes that code for globins are found on a single chromosome.

Answer 5

c

Question 6

6. The genes on the figure are aligned
   a. based on homologous sequences.
   b. based on a matching of intron sequences.
   c. based on gene function.
   d. based on the beginning sequence on the chromosome.
   e. None of the above

Answer 6

a

Question 7

7. What is the best explanation for the differences, as shown in the figure, in the icefish globin genes?
   a. Redundant gene sequences have been selected against and removed over time.
   b. The α-globin gene is more efficient and the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome.
   c. The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome but is functional.
   d. The α-globin gene is nonfunctional; the β-globin gene has been moved to another chromosome and is nonfunctional.
   e. Deletions have rendered the α-globin gene nonfunctional and the β-globin gene has been removed.

Answer 7

e

Question 8

8. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
   a. It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish.
   b. It shows the phylogeny of teleost fish outgroups and their relatedness to icefish.
   c. It shows the ancestral connection between icefish and red-blooded fish.
   d. It shows an evolutionary tree of 22 species of related Antarctic fish.
   e. It shows the relatedness of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins.

Answer 8

d

Question 9

9. This phylogenetic tree is based on
   a. bone morphology.
   b. similarities of mitochondrial DNA.
   c. fossil evidence.
   d. sequences of the hemoglobin genes.
   e. sequences of antifreeze genes.

Answer 9

b

Question 10

10. Which point(s) refer(s) to the most likely divergence(s) of the hemoglobin-free icefish?
    a. A
    b. B
    c. C
    d. Both A and B
    e. Both C and D

Answer 10

b

Question 11

11. Which of the following statements about the lettered points on the figure is true?
    a. All of the species beyond point B share the same missing portions of DNA.
    b. Species beyond points A and B share the same missing portions of DNA.
    c. Only species beyond point C share the missing sequences that render hemoglobin nonfunctional.
    d. Species beyond points C and D have nonfunctional hemoglobin but the missing sequences are different.
    e. Species at all points on the figure share the same hemoglobin genes.

Answer 11

A

Question 12

12. At which location on the figure did antifreeze proteins evolve?
    a. A
    b. B
    c. C
    d. D
    e. Before point A–B

Answer 12

e

Question 13

13. Which one of the following represents the correct evolutionary order of events in some species of Antarctic fish?
    a. Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin
    b. Presence of hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional myoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin
    c. Presence of antifreeze proteins → presence of hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin → loss of functional hemoglobin
    d. No functional hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional myoglobin → presence of functional hemoglobin
    e. Presence of hemoglobin → presence of antifreeze proteins → loss of functional hemoglobin → loss of functional myoglobin

Answer 13

e

Question 14

14. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
    a. It shows when icefish diverged from red-blooded fish.
    b. It shows the lineages of icefish that have lost functional myoglobin.
    c. It shows the lineages of icefish that have regained functional hemoglobin.
    d. It shows the lineages of icefish without functional hemoglobin.
    e. It shows the lineages of Antarctic fish that use antifreeze proteins.

Answer 14

b

Question 15

15. This phylogenetic was tree constructed on the basis of
    a. bone morphology.
    b. similarities of mitochondrial DNA.
    c. fossil evidence.
    d. sequences of the hemoglobin genes.
    e. sequences of antifreeze genes.

Answer 15

b

Question 16

16. What is the strongest evidence supporting the four independent events occurring in the figure?
    a. The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are very different from one another.
    b. The sequence changes occurring at the four independent points are exactly the same.
    c. The loss of function resulting from the sequence changes is exactly the same.
    d. The morphology of the species at the four independent points is exactly the same.
    e. The hearts of the six species of affected fish show similar physiology.

Answer 16

a

Question 17

17. Which of the following statements regarding myoglobin in Antarctic fish is true?
    a. All Antarctic fish have functional myoglobin.
    b. All icefish have nonfunctional myoglobin.
    c. Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred independently in four lines of icefish.
    d. Mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred once in early icefish evolution and have affected six species in different lineages.
    e. Identical mutations that eliminated myoglobin function occurred in four separate

Answer 17

c

Question 18

18. In what way is the loss of functional hemoglobin in icefish a disadvantage?
    a. An increase in fitness was shown following the appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin
    b. The appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin was accompanied by a decrease in fitness.
    c. Icefish are very sluggish due to the lack of functional hemoglobin.
    d. Icefish have enlarged hearts and faster blood circulation compared to red-blooded fish.
    e. Icefish have a very small body size to compensate for the loss of functional hemoglobin.

Answer 18

d

Question 19

19. Which of the following is not present in all species of Antarctic fish?
    a. A bony skeleton
    b. Glycoproteins
    c. Hemoglobin
    d. Myoglobin
    e. Both c and d

Answer 19

e

Question 20

20. Which of the following is not present in all species of icefish?
    a. A bony skeleton
    b. Glycoproteins
    c. Hemoglobin
    d. Myoglobin
    e. Both c and d

Answer 20

e

Question 21

21. Which of the following statements about glycoproteins is false?
    a. The genes responsible for producing the suite of glycoproteins in Antarctic fish evolved prior to the appearance of icefish.
    b. Glycoproteins reduce the freezing point of blood plasma.
    c. Genes coding for glycoproteins are similar in all species of Antarctic fish.
    d. When hemoglobin became deleted in icefish, they already had the genes coding for glycoproteins.
    e. The higher the concentration of glycoproteins, the lower the freezing point of the

Answer 21

a

Question 22

22. A species’ full set of genetic material is termed its
    a. genomics.
    b. genome.
    c. sequence.
    d. transcriptome.
    e. proteome.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

23. Sequencing a genome and identifying individual genes are processes typically carried out
    a. via manual transcription by a team of genetic scientists.
    b. using experimental processes.
    c. by computers using high-throughput methods.
    d. by hand with a team of information scientists.
    e. using annotation.

Answer 23

c

Question 24

24. The process of adding direct human interpretation to genetic sequencing data is called
    a. genomics.
    b. high-throughput processing.
    c. information processing.
    d. annotation.
    e. bioinformatics.

Answer 24

d

Question 25

25. Which of the following is not an overarching goal of genomics?
    a. Elucidating the evolution of genes
    b. Elucidating the evolution of genomes
    c. Elucidating the current function of genes
    d. Elucidating the current function of genomes
    e. Elucidating the evolution of species through genomes

Answer 25

e

Question 26

26. The genes coding for antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish evolved from
    a. genes coding for plasma albumin.
    b. genes coding for α- and β-globin.
    c. genes coding for pancreatic proteins such as trypsin.
    d. spontaneous mutations in intron sequences.
    e. insertion events from ancient bacteria.

Answer 26

c

Question 27

27. All genes in a gene family share
    a. distinctive DNA sequences.
    b. distinctive RNA sequences.
    c. distinctive gene expression patterns.
    d. more than 99% of their DNA sequences.
    e. identical exon sequences.

Answer 27

a

Question 28

28. Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery that there are no genes coding for gap-junction proteins or for adrenaline. Functionally, this suggests that
    a. there are no gap junctions in sea urchins.
    b. there is no cellular communication system in sea urchins.
    c. sea urchins are not related to vertebrates.
    d. the cellular communication system of sea urchins is unusual.
    e. None of the above

Answer 28

d

Question 29

29. Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery of an exceptional number of genes that code for immune and detoxification proteins. Functionally, this suggests that sea urchins
    a. are not susceptible to diseases.
    b. have a long lifespan.
    c. are not related to vertebrates.
    d. are bombarded by pathogens and must react constantly.
    e. have unusually elaborate immune and detoxification systems.

Answer 29

e

Question 30

30. Which of the following statements regarding sea urchins is false?
    a. No genes are present that code for gap-junction proteins.
    b. No genes are present that code for the enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline.
    c. Genes that code for elements of the innate immune systems are extraordinarily numerous.
    d. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes are extraordinarily numerous.
    e. Genes that code for skeleton mineralization are very similar to those found in vertebrates.

Answer 30

e

Question 31

31. When predictions are made from the genome of a species alone, they may prove to be wrong for several reasons. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
    a. The function predicted by extrapolation from already known genes may not match the current function.
    b. Even if the function is known, the expression pattern may differ.
    c. The function predicted by extrapolation may vary extensively within individuals of the species.
    d. Both a and b
    e. Both b and c

Answer 31

c

Question 32

32. After the genome of a species has been sequenced,
    a. it is said to enter the postgenomic era.
    b. bioinformatics takes over.
    c. annotation is all that can take place.
    d. only comparative computational biology can occur.
    e. functional genomics is all that is left for that species.

Answer 32

a

Question 33

33. Which of the following represents the order of investigation of the traditional, “top-down” approach to the study of animal physiology?
    a. Animal function → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → genes
    b. Genes → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → animal function
    c. Animal function → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → genes
    d. Genes → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → animal function
    e. Genes → tissue function → animal function → population function

Answer 33

c

Question 34

34. In the study of animal physiology, which of the following is an advantage of the bottom-up approach pursued with high-throughput methods?
    a. It can be extremely thorough in searching for genes, proteins, and metabolites.
    b. It can proceed without preexisting biases regarding which genes are involved in a particular function.
    c. It can focus on a defined phenomenon of known importance to the whole organism.
    d. Both a and b
    e. All of the above

Answer 34

d

Question 35

35. In terms of the letters in the figure, the classic experimental approach begins with
    a. a survey of substances at A.
    b. the sequencing of B.
    c. an a priori hypothesis regarding C.
    d. an a priori hypothesis regarding D.
    e. None of the above

Answer 35

d

Question 36

36. The study of the process of catalysis would take place between level _______ and level _______.
    a. A; B
    b. A; C
    c. B; C
    d. B; A
    e. C; B

Answer 36

b

Question 37

37. At each stage of the bottom–up approach in the study of animal physiology, the most common strategy is the use of
    a. screening.
    b. sequencing.
    c. transcriptomics.
    d. genomics.
    e. expression profiling.

Answer 37

a

Question 38

38. The hypotheses from bottom–up research
    a. have no statistical significance.
    b. are all statistically significant, given the number of tests involved.
    c. typically are not formed a priori.
    d. produce false positives most of the time.
    e. cannot be validated statistically.

Answer 38

c

Question 39

39. Transcriptomics is the study of
    a. mRNA.
    b. genes.
    c. protein expression.
    d. DNA.
    e. tRNA.

Answer 39

d

Question 40

40. The figure shows a classic data set in the field of
    a. physiology.
    b. genomics.
    c. transcriptomics.
    d. proteomics.
    e. metabolomics.

Answer 40

c

Question 41

41. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the low levels, as shown in the figure, of mRNAs of the metabolic/mitochondrial enzyme genes?
    a. These genes are not as important as the other two categories in response to exercise.
    b. These mRNAs cannot be detected as easily as those of the other two categories.
    c. There are fewer genes producing this set of mRNAs compared to those producing the other two categories.
    d. Although the mRNAs are produced in small quantities, their half-lives are long.
    e. The data shown in the figure represent an artifact of the experimental process.

Answer 41

d

Question 42

42. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
    a. It represents the output of a genomic analysis.
    b. It shows a two-species genomic analysis.
    c. It shows a two-species environmental response at the protein level.
    d. It is a proteomic output.
    e. It is the output of a microarray.

Answer 42

e

Question 43

43. In a microarray technique, an mRNA will _______ the DNA spot representing its specific gene.
    a. hybridize with
    b. bind to
    c. catalyze
    d. transcribe
    e. reverse transcribe

Answer 43

a

Question 44

44. In the _______ technique, tissues are subjected to experimentally increased synthesis of mRNA associated with the gene of interest.
    a. RNA interference
    b. forced overexpression
    c. gene knockout
    d. gene knockdown
    e. expression profiling

Answer 44

b

Question 45

45. The figure is based on the measurement of
    a. proteins.
    b. metabolites.
    c. mRNA.
    d. DNA.
    e. toxins.

Answer 45

c

Question 46

46. This figure is showing
    a. the response of a selection of mRNAs to malarial parasites.
    b. the genetic response of mosquitoes to repeated pesticide use.
    c. the daily patterns of enzymes that are responsible for combating the malarial parasite.
    d. the daily patterns of mRNAs that code for detoxification enzymes.
    e. three enzymatic responses to a daily light cycle in the malarial parasite.

Answer 46

d

Question 47

47. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
    a. It shows the output of a genomic analysis.
    b. It shows a two-species genomic analysis.
    c. It shows a two-species environmental response at the protein level.
    d. It shows the separation of proteins by a gel.
    e. It is the output of a microarray.

Answer 47

d

Question 48

48. The circles in the figure represent
    a. genes.
    b. mRNA.
    c. DNA.
    d. any macromolecule.
    e. proteins.

Answer 48

e

Question 49

49. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
    a. It represents the output of an NMR spectrum.
    b. It shows a two-species genomic analysis.
    c. It shows a two-species environmental response at the protein level.
    d. It shows the separation of proteins by a gel.
    e. It is the output of a microarray

Answer 49

a

Question 50

50. Which of the following statements about the figure is true?
    a. Data regarding the amplitudes of the peaks are used to sequence the metabolite.
    b. The amplitudes of the peaks are irrelevant and only provide information on the presence or absence of metabolites.
    c. Data about the amplitudes of the peaks are used to calculate metabolite concentrations.
    d. The order of the metabolites on the spectrum is related to their concentration.
    e. The tissue shown here must be tested on a gel in order to obtain further information.

Answer 50

c

Question 51

1. Icefish were once commonly called “bloodless fish” because of
   a. their ability to tolerate freezing.
   b. the fact that their blood is clear.
   c. their ability to tolerate the coldest aquatic temperatures on Earth.
   d. the fact that they have no blood.
   e. the fact that they did not have gills.

Answer 51

B

Question 52

2. One unique feature of the icefish is that they
   a. regularly inhabit water temperatures of –1.9° C.
   b. are vertebrates.
   c. are the only vertebrates that do not have red blood cells as adults.
   d. are the only vertebrates that do not have blood as adults.
   e. are the only vertebrates that can tolerate freezing.

Answer 52

C

Question 53

3. Which of the following statements about icefish is true?
   a. They have the same subunit makeup in their hemoglobin as all vertebrates.
   b. They have only the two β-globin subunits in their hemoglobin.
   c. They have no red blood cells but do have circulating hemoglobin.
   d. Thye do not have hemoglobin.
   e. They have four subunits of α-globin.

Answer 53

D

Question 54

4. When researchers analyzed the DNA of icefish, they found that
   a. the β-globin gene was completely gone and the α-globin gene was missing parts.
   b. the genetic material coding for Hb was identical to that of all other fish.
   c. all genetic material relating to Hb production was absent.
   d. the genes coding for both α and β subunits were modified such that they could not form functional Hb.
   e. the α-globin gene was completely gone and the β-globin gene was dysfunctional.

Answer 54

A

Question 55

5. The hearts of icefish
   a. do not have myoglobin.
   b. are white.
   c. have myoglobin, but the globin has a slightly different protein conformation compared to that of other fish.
   d. have myoglobin just as other fish do.
   e. can have myoglobin or not, depending on the species.

Answer 55

E

Question 56

6. Which of the following statements regarding icefish evolution is true?
   a. Only icefish share an ancestor containing genes that code for antifreeze proteins.
   b. Only icefish share an ancestor that lost the function of globin genes.
   c. Only icefish share an ancestor that lost the function for myoglobin synthesis.
   d. The loss of functional globin genes occurred multiple times during the evolution of icefish.
   e. The evolution of antifreeze proteins occurred multiple times during the evolution of icefish.

Answer 56

B

Question 57

7. Compared to red-blooded fish of the same size, icefish
   a. have larger hearts.
   b. have a higher rate of blood circulation.
   c. have a higher metabolic rate.
   d. Both a and b
   e. All of the above

Answer 57

D

Question 58

8. Genome sequencing is a technique in which
   a. the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a species is determined.
   b. the DNA sequence of some portion of the genome of a species is determined.
   c. the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a group of species is determined.
   d. a gene family of a particular group of species is sequenced.
   e. a gene family of a species is sequenced.

Answer 58

A

Question 59

9. The process of adding human interpretation to computer-generated genetic comparisons is called
   a. annotation.
   b. high-throughput.
   c. bioinformatics.
   d. gene family identity.
   e. genomics.

Answer 59

A

Question 60

10. The overarching goal of genomics is to elucidate the _______ of genes and genomes.
    a. evolution
    b. current functioning
    c. expression patterns of
    d. Both a and b
    e. All of the above

Answer 60

D

Question 61

11. The set of genes that encode for vertebrate globin proteins can be termed a
    a. genotype.
    b. gene family.
    c. genome.
    d. proteome.
    e. common protein.

Answer 61

B

Question 62

12. Which of the following was not one of the observations resulting from the sea urchin gene family analysis?
    a. No genes are present that code for gap-junction proteins.
    b. No genes are present that code for the enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline.
    c. Genes that code for elements of the innate immune systems are extraordinarily numerous.
    d. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes are extraordinarily numerous.
    e. Genes that code for skeleton mineralization are very similar to those found in vertebrates.

Answer 62

E

Question 63

13. Which of the following orders of analysis represents the top-down order of study?
    a. Animal function → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → genes
    b. Genes → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → animal function
    c. Animal function → tissue function → tissue-specific proteins → genes
    d. Genes → tissue-specific proteins → tissue function → animal function
    e. Genes → tissue function → animal function → population function

Answer 63

C

Question 64

14. A comparison of the proteins produced in an animal’s muscle tissue before and after exercise is an example of
    a. transcription profiling.
    b. a top-down study.
    c. a bottom-up study.
    d. a screening study.
    e. a postgenomic study.

Answer 64

D

Question 65

15. The study of which genes are being transcribed to make messenger RNA and the rates at which they are transcribed is called
    a. transcriptomics.
    b. genomics.
    c. proteomics.
    d. mRNA profiling.
    e. postgenomics.

Answer 65

A

Question 66

16. In one study, researchers found that after 4‒8 hours after exercise the mRNAs of _______genes were found to have increased.
    a. stress-response
    b. metabolic priority
    c. insulin
    d. mitochondrial enzyme
    e. myosin ATPase

Answer 66

D

Question 67

17. Which of the following techniques is not used in a standard DNA microarray?
    a. mRNA extraction
    b. Hybridization of each mRNA with the DNA spot representing its specific gene
    c. Fluor-labeled mRNA
    d. Labeling of DNA by reverse transcription
    e. Laser scanning visualization of fluors bonded to the microarray

Answer 67

D

Question 68

18. An experimental manipulation in which animals lack functional copies of a gene is called
    a. RNA interference.
    b. forced overexpression.
    c. a transcription block.
    d. gene knockout.
    e. DNA denaturation.

Answer 68

D

Question 69

19. Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is false?
    a. It is the study of proteins synthesized by cells and tissues.
    b. It involves the simultaneous study of large numbers of proteins.
    c. It is a branch of the study of the biochemical phenotype.
    d. A reason for the study of proteomics is that the proteins coded by many genes are unknown.
    e. The study of proteomics is based on the assumption that protein concentrations can be correlated to mRNA synthesis.

Answer 69

E

Question 70

20. The study of all of the organic compounds in cells and tissues other than macromolecules coded by the genome is called
    a. organomics.
    b. metabolomics.
    c. physiomics.
    d. biomics.
    e. proteomics.

Answer 70

B