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BIS 2B > Final Study Guide Part: 4 > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Part: 4 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: If the genotype frequencies of a given population add up to 1, then that population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.

A

False

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2
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

body size should be related to habitat temperature

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3
Q

Allen’s rule

A

limb length should be correlated with habitat temperature

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4
Q

What factors influence population size?

A

births, death, immigration, emigration

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5
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

a huge collection of millions of fossils collected from millions of different years of geologic time that serve as evidence of changes in species

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6
Q

What is Lx?

A

survivorship; the proportion of individuals surviving from birth to age class (x)

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7
Q

What is mx?

A

fecundity; the average number of offspring an individual will produce during age class (x)

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8
Q

What is R0?

A

Net reproductive rate; the mean number of offspring per capita

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9
Q

What is G?

A

generation time; the average parental age across all offspring produced

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10
Q

What is ln?

A

the natural log

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11
Q

What is fitness?

A

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

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12
Q

What is positive frequency-dependent selection?

A

common phenotypes have higher fitness and are selected for. Over long periods of time, the rare phenotypes die out

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13
Q

Define altruism

A

behavior that decreases individual fitness but increases the fitness of others

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14
Q

What purpose do mutations serve in the context of evolution?

A

they serve to create variation withing populations. They aren’t necessarily good or bad, although they can be

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15
Q

What is the blending model?

A

parental genes are mixed to create a new phenotype

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16
Q

What is the particulate model?

A

one gene is dominant over the other

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17
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If enough people are immune to a disease then susceptible people are also protected as a result

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18
Q

What are oscillations?

A

fluctuations in population sizes as a result of predation/herbivory relationships

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19
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

when any individual produced gametes, the two gene copies separate such that each gamete gets only one copy

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20
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

alleles of different genes sort independently of one another

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21
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division that starts with one diploid cell and results in four haploid daughter cells

22
Q

What are recombinants?

A

combinations of genes not present in parents

23
Q

What is crypsis?

A

mimicking the background (e.g. camouflage)

24
Q

What is masquerading?

A

mimicking an object (e.g. moths developing lead-like patterns to look like leaves)

25
Q

What is pouyannian mimicry?

A

a flower pretends to be a mate to get an insect to pollinate it

26
Q

What is communicating toxicity?

A

when species communicate the fact that they possess toxins (poisons, venom) harmful to others, typically through certain patterns/colors

27
Q

What is gross primary productivity (GPP)?

A

the rate of photosynthesis or rate of biomass production (photosynthesis makes CO2 into biomass)

28
Q

What is lindeman’s law?

A

there is an average of ~10% energy efficiency between trophic levels

29
Q

What is energy efficiency?

A

the amount of energy transferred between trophic levels

30
Q

What is consumption efficiency?

A

the proportion of available biomass that is ingested

31
Q

What is assimilation efficiency?

A

the proportion of ingested biomass that is assimilated (absorbed after digestion for use in the body)

32
Q

What is production efficiency?

A

the proportion of assimilated biomass used to produce new consumer biomass

33
Q

What are aquifers?

A

underground reservoirs of freshwater (groundwater)

34
Q

What is a pool?

A

places in an ecosystem that contain a compound (e.g. oceans or the atmosphere), these can be shared between cycles

35
Q

What is a flux?

A

the mechanism by which compounds move between pools, these can be shared between cycles

36
Q

What is runoff?

A

runoff (a shared flux) is water that falls on a watershed that does not soak into the ground to become groundwater and instead runs into a body of water (ocean).

37
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

when two populations of the same species that are adjacent to each other geographically begin to speciate

38
Q

What were the general steps for early life development?

A

Life starts in hydrothermal vents, then the start of photosynthesis created aerobic respiration, endosymbiosis gave life to eukaryotes, the multicellular organisms formed, then the Cambrian explosion (biodiversity) created a ton of new species

39
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other and allowed for the development of organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplast) and eukaryotes

40
Q

What happened after the Cambrian explosion?

A

The first mass extinction

41
Q

What is mass extinction?

A

A loss of 75% of species globally over a short period of time

42
Q

How many mass extinctions have there been?

A

5 and possibly in a 6th one today

43
Q

What happened to life after the 1st mass extinction?

A

Land plants and animals, trees, Permian mass extinction, dinosaurs, more mammals (angiosperms; fruit-eating species and pollinators), insects, grasses (C4 photosynthesis) and grazing animals, modern life

44
Q

How did plants get nutrients without roots?

A

they got their nutrients from their mutualistic relationship with mycorrhizae

45
Q

What barriers were there to the transition to land?

A

water balance, nutrient uptake, oxygen (air), reproduction/gamete dispersal, gravity impact on body size and locomotion, adaptation of sensory organs

46
Q

How did the Permian mass extinction lead to the development of fossil fuels?

A

Trees died and were buried under layers of earth and fossilized, created the first fossil fuels

47
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Hybrids become their own species and increase reproductive isolation (individuals begin to align with one of the few beneficial species)

48
Q

What is fusion?

A

hybrids mate with each other and the original species until the two original species collapse into one

49
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

groups of the same population develop away from each other and become less and less similar

50
Q
A

BIS 2B (6 decks)

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