Final Study Guide Part: 4

Question 1

True or false: If the genotype frequencies of a given population add up to 1, then that population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 2

body size should be related to habitat temperature

Question 3

Allen’s rule

Answer 3

limb length should be correlated with habitat temperature

Question 4

What factors influence population size?

Answer 4

births, death, immigration, emigration

Question 5

What is the fossil record?

Answer 5

a huge collection of millions of fossils collected from millions of different years of geologic time that serve as evidence of changes in species

Question 6

What is Lx?

Answer 6

survivorship; the proportion of individuals surviving from birth to age class (x)

Question 7

What is mx?

Answer 7

fecundity; the average number of offspring an individual will produce during age class (x)

Question 8

What is R0?

Answer 8

Net reproductive rate; the mean number of offspring per capita

Question 9

What is G?

Answer 9

generation time; the average parental age across all offspring produced

Question 10

What is ln?

Answer 10

the natural log

Question 11

What is fitness?

Answer 11

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Question 12

What is positive frequency-dependent selection?

Answer 12

common phenotypes have higher fitness and are selected for. Over long periods of time, the rare phenotypes die out

Question 13

Define altruism

Answer 13

behavior that decreases individual fitness but increases the fitness of others

Question 14

What purpose do mutations serve in the context of evolution?

Answer 14

they serve to create variation withing populations. They aren’t necessarily good or bad, although they can be

Question 15

What is the blending model?

Answer 15

parental genes are mixed to create a new phenotype

Question 16

What is the particulate model?

Answer 16

one gene is dominant over the other

Question 17

What is herd immunity?

Answer 17

If enough people are immune to a disease then susceptible people are also protected as a result

Question 18

What are oscillations?

Answer 18

fluctuations in population sizes as a result of predation/herbivory relationships

Question 19

What is the law of segregation?

Answer 19

when any individual produced gametes, the two gene copies separate such that each gamete gets only one copy

Question 20

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 20

alleles of different genes sort independently of one another

Question 21

What is meiosis?

Answer 21

a type of cell division that starts with one diploid cell and results in four haploid daughter cells

Question 22

What are recombinants?

Answer 22

combinations of genes not present in parents

Question 23

What is crypsis?

Answer 23

mimicking the background (e.g. camouflage)

Question 24

What is masquerading?

Answer 24

mimicking an object (e.g. moths developing lead-like patterns to look like leaves)

Question 25

What is pouyannian mimicry?

Answer 25

a flower pretends to be a mate to get an insect to pollinate it

Question 26

What is communicating toxicity?

Answer 26

when species communicate the fact that they possess toxins (poisons, venom) harmful to others, typically through certain patterns/colors

Question 27

What is gross primary productivity (GPP)?

Answer 27

the rate of photosynthesis or rate of biomass production (photosynthesis makes CO2 into biomass)

Question 28

What is lindeman's law?

Answer 28

there is an average of ~10% energy efficiency between trophic levels

Question 29

What is energy efficiency?

Answer 29

the amount of energy transferred between trophic levels

Question 30

What is consumption efficiency?

Answer 30

the proportion of available biomass that is ingested

Question 31

What is assimilation efficiency?

Answer 31

the proportion of ingested biomass that is assimilated (absorbed after digestion for use in the body)

Question 32

What is production efficiency?

Answer 32

the proportion of assimilated biomass used to produce new consumer biomass

Question 33

What are aquifers?

Answer 33

underground reservoirs of freshwater (groundwater)

Question 34

What is a pool?

Answer 34

places in an ecosystem that contain a compound (e.g. oceans or the atmosphere), these can be shared between cycles

Question 35

What is a flux?

Answer 35

the mechanism by which compounds move between pools, these can be shared between cycles

Question 36

What is runoff?

Answer 36

runoff (a shared flux) is water that falls on a watershed that does not soak into the ground to become groundwater and instead runs into a body of water (ocean).

Question 37

What is parapatric speciation?

Answer 37

when two populations of the same species that are adjacent to each other geographically begin to speciate

Question 38

What were the general steps for early life development?

Answer 38

Life starts in hydrothermal vents, then the start of photosynthesis created aerobic respiration, endosymbiosis gave life to eukaryotes, the multicellular organisms formed, then the Cambrian explosion (biodiversity) created a ton of new species

Question 39

Define endosymbiosis

Answer 39

one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other and allowed for the development of organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplast) and eukaryotes

Question 40

What happened after the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 40

The first mass extinction

Question 41

What is mass extinction?

Answer 41

A loss of 75% of species globally over a short period of time

Question 42

How many mass extinctions have there been?

Answer 42

5 and possibly in a 6th one today

Question 43

What happened to life after the 1st mass extinction?

Answer 43

Land plants and animals, trees, Permian mass extinction, dinosaurs, more mammals (angiosperms; fruit-eating species and pollinators), insects, grasses (C4 photosynthesis) and grazing animals, modern life

Question 44

How did plants get nutrients without roots?

Answer 44

they got their nutrients from their mutualistic relationship with mycorrhizae

Question 45

What barriers were there to the transition to land?

Answer 45

water balance, nutrient uptake, oxygen (air), reproduction/gamete dispersal, gravity impact on body size and locomotion, adaptation of sensory organs

Question 46

How did the Permian mass extinction lead to the development of fossil fuels?

Answer 46

Trees died and were buried under layers of earth and fossilized, created the first fossil fuels

Question 47

Define reinforcement

Answer 47

Hybrids become their own species and increase reproductive isolation (individuals begin to align with one of the few beneficial species)

Question 48

What is fusion?

Answer 48

hybrids mate with each other and the original species until the two original species collapse into one

Question 49

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 49

groups of the same population develop away from each other and become less and less similar