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BIS 2B > Final Study Guide: Part 2 > Flashcards

Final Study Guide: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define phenotype

A

a set of observable characteristics of an organism

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2
Q

Define fitness

A

an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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3
Q

The breeder’s equation

A

R = h^2 (S)

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4
Q

What are some drivers of natural selection?

A

species interactions, environmental factors, mate choice

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5
Q

Define sexual selection

A

selects for traits that enhance reproductive success

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6
Q

Define altruism

A

a behavior that reduces individual fitness and increases the fitness of other individuals

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7
Q

Define kin selection

A

selection that favors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives

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8
Q

Define inclusive fitness

A

the sum of an individual’s own fitness, and its contribution to the fitness of relatives

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9
Q

Directional selection

A

phenotypes at one extreme have the highest fitness; mean trends toward the extreme phenotype

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10
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

phenotypes nearest the mean have the highest fitness. The mean stays the same, variation is reduced

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11
Q

Disruptive selection

A

phenotypes at both extremes have higher fitness than the mean. Variation is increased, pattern emerges.

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12
Q

Balancing selection

A

selection maintains variation in a population

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13
Q

Negative frequency dependent selection

A

rarer phenotype has the highest fitness. Frequency of a given phenotype oscillates (up and down)

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14
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

competition among individuals of the same sex for mating opportunities

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15
Q

Intersexual selection

A

mate choice by individuals of one sex (females) based on certain traits in individuals of the opposite sex

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16
Q

Define genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of the combination of alleles inherited from its parents

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17
Q

Define allele

A

a variant form of a gene that determines specific traits

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18
Q

Intramorph competition

A

competition among individuals of the same morph or form within a species for resources

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19
Q

Intermorph competition

A

competition between individuals of different morphs or forms within a species for resources

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20
Q

Root to shoot ratio

A

plant growth below ground (roots) compared to the growth above the ground (shoots)

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21
Q

Define genome

A

all genetic material an individual carries

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22
Q

Define gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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23
Q

Define nucleotides

A

organic molecules that makeup DNA and RNA

24
Q

Transcription

A

DNA into RNA

25
Q

Translation

A

RNA into proteins

26
Q

Substitution

A

a nucleotide is exchanged

27
Q

Insertion

A

a nucleotide in added

28
Q

Deletion

A

a nucleotide is removed

29
Q

Homozygous

A

Either fully dominant or fully recessive (BB or bb)

30
Q

Heterozygous

A

Has both one dominant and one recessive (Bb or bB)

31
Q

Law of segregation

A

when any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy

32
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

33
Q

Simple/complete dominance

A

a single dominant allele produces the dominant phenotype; the homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes have the same phenotype; most commonly seen (BB: tall Bb: tall bb: short)

34
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes aka blend (BB: red Bb: pink bb: white)

35
Q

Codominant

A

the heterozygote phenotype is both of the homozygous phenotypes expressed fully or equally (BB: red Bb: red and white bb: white)

36
Q

Pleiotropy

A

a situation where a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits.

37
Q

Define epistasis

A

when multiple genes interact to determine the phenotype

38
Q

Define chromosome

A

a structure of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information

39
Q

Diploid

A

cells with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

40
Q

Haploid

A

cells with one set of chromosomes, found in gametes (sperm and egg)

41
Q

Define population

A

an interbreeding group of organisms of the same species

42
Q

Define gene pool

A

collection of all alleles that exist for a trait in a group

43
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)

A

In a non-evolving population, genotype and allele frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation and remains constant in the next generations

44
Q

HWE Assumptions

A

No mutation, no natural selection, no gene flow (migration), no genetic drift (infinite pop. size), random mating

45
Q

P, q, and 2Pq

A

P = A (homozygous dominant) q = a (homozygous recessive) 2Pq = Aa (heterozygous)

46
Q

P^2 and q^2

A

P^2 is AA (dominant alleles) and q^2 is aa (recessive alleles)

47
Q

True or false: p + q always equals 1

A

True

48
Q

A population is in HWE if…

A

observed genotype frequencies are equal to expected genotype frequencies

49
Q

Define gene flow

A

transfer of alleles through movement of individuals or their gametes (makes pop. more similar)

50
Q

Define migration

A

the movement of individuals from one population to another. A physical movement (not genetically).

51
Q

Define genetic drift

A

random events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

52
Q

True or false: Drift reduces genetic diversity

A

True

53
Q

True or false: Genetic drift is not stronger in smaller populations

A

False: genetic drift is stronger in smaller populations

54
Q

Genetic bottlenecks

A

when population size is severely reduced; descended from a few individuals

55
Q

Founder effect

A

new populations created from a few founders

56
Q

What are the consequences of genetic drift?

A

loss of overall genetic diversity (fixed or lost alleles), increase in homozygosity of the more common allele, increases in deleterious recessive conditions, increased susceptibility to future stressors

BIS 2B (6 decks)

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