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BIS 2B > Final Study Guide Part: 1 > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Part: 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous Traits

A

traits that stem from a common evolutionary ancestor

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2
Q

taxa

A

groups of organisms

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3
Q

Domain includes…

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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4
Q

Define biodiversity

A

variety of life in all its forms

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5
Q

Kingdom includes…

A

Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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6
Q

Define autotrophs

A

can produce their own food

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7
Q

Define heterotrophs

A

feed on other organisms

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8
Q

Define evolution

A

genetic change over time

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9
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms whose genetic material doesn’t have a nucleus

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10
Q

Define species richness

A

the total number of species present

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11
Q

Define species evenness

A

the relative abundance of each species

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12
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

organisms with genetic material containing a nucleus

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13
Q

Define transect

A

runs a line through a habitat and records # of organisms found on either side of the line

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14
Q

Define quadrats

A

the habitat is divided into rectangles; # of rectangles are randomly selected; # of species inside is recorded

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15
Q

Rainforest characteristics

A

High rainfall, high average temperature, no seasonality, rich in diversity

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16
Q

Savannas characteristics

A

dry regions, low rainfall, warm climate

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17
Q

Desert characteristics

A

driest, low rainfall, very hot, can be very cold

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18
Q

Temperate grassland characteristics

A

seasonal rainfall, dry winters, wet summers

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19
Q

Temperate deciduous forests

A

warm summers, cold winters, moderate to high rainfall

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20
Q

Boreal forests characteristics

A

warm summers, cold winters, moderate rainfall, similar to tundra

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21
Q

Tundra characteristics

A

little rainfall, cold winters, cold summers

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22
Q

Mediterranean characteristics

A

wet winters, dry summers, seasonal rainfall

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23
Q

Define the greenhouse effect

A

gases trap heat radiation from the sun and keeps the earth warm

24
Q

Define global warming

A

CO2 traps more heat and causes the temperature of earth to keep increasing

25
Q

The principle of allocation

A

each organism has a limited amount of resources it can use for all life processes: food availability, predation, reproduction, growth

26
Q

Define semelparous organisms

A

organisms that reproduce once and then die

27
Q

Define iteroparous organisms

A

organisms that reproduce many times

28
Q

Define r-selected traits

A

small body, short life, quick growth, early reproduction, many offspring, little to no parental care, type III survivorship curve, controlled by growth rate (r)

29
Q

Define K-selected traits

A

large body, long life, slow growth, delayed reproduction, few large offspring, high parental care, type I survivorship curve, controlled by carrying capacity (K)

30
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

most individuals survive to old age

31
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

individuals face a constant risk of morality at all ages

32
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

most individuals die young

33
Q

Define tradeoffs

A

when an organism gives up one things for another of more importance

34
Q

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

A

Plant growth is determined by the amount of resource that is most scarce compared to how much the plant needs

35
Q

What’s a structure only found in plants?

A

Chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis)

36
Q

Define acclimation

A

the process by which an organism adjusts to a change in its environment (short-term)

37
Q

Define adaptation

A

the process by which organism develop traits (natural selection) that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce in their environment (long-term).

38
Q

Define fundamental niche

A

the full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy (survive and reproduce) and use without competition; abiotic (weather, disasters)

39
Q

Define realized niche

A

the actual conditions and resources an organism occupies and uses due to competition and other biotic factors

40
Q

Define density dependent factors

A

factors whose effects on population size or growth vary with population density; biotic factors (e.g. competition, predation)

41
Q

Define density independent factors

A

factors whose effects on population size or growth vary with population density; abiotic factors (e.g. weather, natural disasters)

42
Q

Exponential growth

A

a population’s growth rate remains constant regardless of population size; J-shaped curve; idea, unlimited environment

43
Q

Logistic growth

A

a population’s growth slows and eventually stops at carrying capacity; S-shaped curve; real0world environments

44
Q

Define ectotherms

A

body temp. controlled primarily by external conditions (outside factors)

45
Q

Define Endotherms

A

body temp. controlled primarily by metabolic energy (inside body)

46
Q

Define catastrophism

A

shaped by major, sudden events

47
Q

Define gradualism

A

shaped by long, slow processes

48
Q

Define mycorrhizae

A

fungi who connect their roots so the plants can access nutrients from anywhere on the fungi

49
Q

Define rhizobia

A

bacteria that grow in/on roots and only provide nutrients to legumes

50
Q

Define microevolution

A

changes in allele frequencies within a population over a short period, leading to small evolutionary changes

51
Q

Define macroevolution

A

large evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, leading to the formation of new species

52
Q

Define natural selection

A

increased survival and reproduction of some individuals based on differences in their traits

53
Q

Define variation

A

individuals may vary in their traits (phenotypes)

54
Q

Define heritability

A

the trait is at least partially genetic; individuals pass on the trait to their offspring

55
Q

Define differential success

A

individuals with different traits differ in their survival or reproductive success (fitness)

BIS 2B (6 decks)

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