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BIS 2B > Final Study Guide Part: 3 > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Part: 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Inbreeding

A

preference for similar genotypes or phenotypes (AA or aa); reduces heterozygosity and increases homozygosity

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2
Q

Outbreeding

A

preference for different genotypes or phenotypes (Aa)

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3
Q

The biological species concept

A

a species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

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4
Q

Lineage/Phylogenetic species concept

A

a species is a group of individuals that share evolutionary history and genetic relatedness (branch on a phylogenetic tree)

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5
Q

Morphological species concept

A

a species is a group of individuals that share morphological similarity

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6
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevent mating or prevent fertilization if mating occurs (habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation)

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7
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

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8
Q

Habitat isolation

A

species occupy different habitats and never come into contact (geographic and ecological)

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9
Q

Temporal isolation

A

breed during different times of day, month, year, etc. (e.g. seasonal)

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10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

individuals do not recognize each other as potential mates

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11
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

physical differences between the organisms prevent successful mating

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12
Q

Gametic isolation

A

sperm is not able to fertilize the egg

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13
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

hybrid offspring do not complete development or have low survivorship

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14
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrid offspring are viable, but incapable of reproduction

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15
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

hybrid offspring are viable and fertile, but subsequent offspring are inviable or sterile

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16
Q

Vicariance

A

the geographic separation of a species into separate populations through some form of physical barrier

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17
Q

Sympatry

A

when two or more species live in the same geographic area and have the potential to encounter one another

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18
Q

Allopatry

A

when species are geographically separated and do not have the opportunity to encounter one another

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19
Q

Secondary contact

A

the re-encounter of populations that were previously isolated from each other

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20
Q

Species fusion

A

the merging of two previously separate species into a single species due to successful interbreeding after secondary contact

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21
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

a graphical depiction of the history of relationships among a group of organisms

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22
Q

Homologous traits

A

traits inherited from a common ancestor, reflecting evolutionary relatedness

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23
Q

Analogous traits

A

traits that have similar functions but evolved independently in different lineages

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24
Q

Define speciation

A

the process by which new species arise from existing ones

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25
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

occurs when populations are geographically separated (food sources overlap)

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26
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

occurs without geographic separation, often through genetic or behavioral changes (no overlap)

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27
Q

Competition (effect on species)

A

all species are negatively affected

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28
Q

Amensalism

A

one species is harmed and one is unaffected

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29
Q

Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism

A

one species is benefited, one species is harmed

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30
Q

commensalism

A

one species is benefited, one species is unaffected

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31
Q

Mutualism

A

all species are benefited

32
Q

Facilitation

A

one or more species benefits (commensalism or mutualism)

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

an interaction between two species living in close association with each other

34
Q

Obligate vs facultative

A

Obligate (required) Facultative (optional)

35
Q

Keystone species

A

species presence or role is crucial for maintaining structure, diversity, and balance of the ecosystem

36
Q

Foundation species

A

bodies of that species is the habitat

37
Q

Ecosystem engineer species

A

species that alter or modify the habitat

38
Q

Why does competition occur?

A

occurs when individuals require the same, shared, limiting resources

39
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition for resources between members of the same species

40
Q

Interspecific competition

A

competition for resources between members of different species

41
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist. Eventually, the stronger competitor will drive the weaker competitor extinct.

42
Q

Define resource partitioning

A

species use resources in their part of the habitat only and do not interact with one another, so they can coexist

43
Q

Character displacement

A

species competing for the same limiting resource diverge in morphology due to natural selection (competition)

44
Q

Trait matching

A

species traits evolve in support of mutualistic interaction (mutualism)

45
Q

Evolutionary arms race

A

a cycle of adaptations and counter-adaptations between competing species, each driving the other to develop more effective survival strategies (predation)

46
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

when harmful species resemble one another in order to benefit from shared communication (honest signal)

47
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

when harmless species resemble a harmful species in order to trick other species (dishonest signal)

48
Q

Lindeman’s Law

A

On average, about 10% of energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level

49
Q

The carbon cycle

A

The process by which carbon atoms travel through the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, ocean uptake, and fossil fuels.

50
Q

The hydrologic cycle (water cycle)

A

continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.

51
Q

The nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. N2 fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification.

52
Q

Succession

A

the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time

53
Q

Primary succession

A

the development of a biological community in an area where no previous community existed, starting from bare rock or barren land

54
Q

Secondary succession

A

ecological recovery and community changes that occur in an area where a previous community was disturbed or destroyed but soil remains intact

55
Q

Top-down effects

A

ecological impacts that occur when predators at the top of the food chain influence the population and community structure of species at lower trophic levels

56
Q

Bottom-Up effects

A

ecological impacts that occur when changes at lower trophic levels influence the population and community structure of species at higher trophic levels

57
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

the idea that ecosystems experiencing moderate levels of disturbance have higher species diversity compared to those with low or high levels of disturbance

58
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

aerobic respiration uses oxygen to turn food into useable chemical energy (photosynthesis)

59
Q

How is living on land different than living in water?

A

water balance and desiccation; nutrient uptake; respiration and gas exchange; reproduction and gamete dispersal; gravity and locomotion; senses and sensory organs

60
Q

Move

A

species can shift their geographic range or habitat use

61
Q

Die

A

populations suffer negative fitness consequences

62
Q

acclimate

A

species can make short-term changes to their traits

63
Q

adapt

A

populations can increase the frequencies of beneficial traits

64
Q

Herbicide resistance

A

the ability of a plant to survive and reproduce despite being exposed to a herbicide that is intended to kill it

65
Q

Pesticide resistance

A

the ability of pests to survive and reproduce despite being exposed to a pesticide that is intended to control or eliminate them

66
Q

Climate change: range shifts

A

the movement of species to new geographic areas in response to changing climate conditions, such as temperature and precipitation patterns

67
Q

Climate change: timing

A

changes in the timing of natural events, such as flowering, migration, and breeding, due to shifting climate conditions

68
Q

Climate change: morphology

A

alterations in the physical traits or appearance of organisms in response to changing climate conditions

69
Q

Urban environments: movement

A

how species adapt their movement patterns, such as migration or dispersal, between urban areas

70
Q

Urban environment: morphology

A

changes in physical traits or appearance of organisms due to living in urban areas

71
Q

Urban environments: noise

A

the impact of human-made noise on the behavior and well-being of organisms in urban areas

72
Q

How do humans change biotic factors?

A

habitat destruction, pollution, introduction of invasive species, overharvesting, and climate change

73
Q

How does hunting affect trophic cascades?

A
74
Q

How does hunting affect morphology?

A

removed top predators or key species from an ecosystem, leading to overpopulation of prey species, which affects vegetation

75
Q

What does human activity do?

A

reduce population sizes, decrease gene flow, and increase the strength of natural selection

BIS 2B (6 decks)

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