Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIS 2B > Final Study Guide Part: 3 > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Part: 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Inbreeding

A

preference for similar genotypes or phenotypes (AA or aa); reduces heterozygosity and increases homozygosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outbreeding

A

preference for different genotypes or phenotypes (Aa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The biological species concept

A

a species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lineage/Phylogenetic species concept

A

a species is a group of individuals that share evolutionary history and genetic relatedness (branch on a phylogenetic tree)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Morphological species concept

A

a species is a group of individuals that share morphological similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevent mating or prevent fertilization if mating occurs (habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Habitat isolation

A

species occupy different habitats and never come into contact (geographic and ecological)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Temporal isolation

A

breed during different times of day, month, year, etc. (e.g. seasonal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

individuals do not recognize each other as potential mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

physical differences between the organisms prevent successful mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gametic isolation

A

sperm is not able to fertilize the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

hybrid offspring do not complete development or have low survivorship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrid offspring are viable, but incapable of reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

hybrid offspring are viable and fertile, but subsequent offspring are inviable or sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vicariance

A

the geographic separation of a species into separate populations through some form of physical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sympatry

A

when two or more species live in the same geographic area and have the potential to encounter one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Allopatry

A

when species are geographically separated and do not have the opportunity to encounter one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secondary contact

A

the re-encounter of populations that were previously isolated from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Species fusion

A

the merging of two previously separate species into a single species due to successful interbreeding after secondary contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

a graphical depiction of the history of relationships among a group of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Homologous traits

A

traits inherited from a common ancestor, reflecting evolutionary relatedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Analogous traits

A

traits that have similar functions but evolved independently in different lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define speciation

A

the process by which new species arise from existing ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Allopatric speciation
occurs when populations are geographically separated (food sources overlap)
26
Sympatric speciation
occurs without geographic separation, often through genetic or behavioral changes (no overlap)
27
Competition (effect on species)
all species are negatively affected
28
Amensalism
one species is harmed and one is unaffected
29
Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
one species is benefited, one species is harmed
30
commensalism
one species is benefited, one species is unaffected
31
Mutualism
all species are benefited
32
Facilitation
one or more species benefits (commensalism or mutualism)
33
Symbiosis
an interaction between two species living in close association with each other
34
Obligate vs facultative
Obligate (required) Facultative (optional)
35
Keystone species
species presence or role is crucial for maintaining structure, diversity, and balance of the ecosystem
36
Foundation species
bodies of that species is the habitat
37
Ecosystem engineer species
species that alter or modify the habitat
38
Why does competition occur?
occurs when individuals require the same, shared, limiting resources
39
Intraspecific competition
competition for resources between members of the same species
40
Interspecific competition
competition for resources between members of different species
41
Competitive exclusion principle
two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist. Eventually, the stronger competitor will drive the weaker competitor extinct.
42
Define resource partitioning
species use resources in their part of the habitat only and do not interact with one another, so they can coexist
43
Character displacement
species competing for the same limiting resource diverge in morphology due to natural selection (competition)
44
Trait matching
species traits evolve in support of mutualistic interaction (mutualism)
45
Evolutionary arms race
a cycle of adaptations and counter-adaptations between competing species, each driving the other to develop more effective survival strategies (predation)
46
Mullerian mimicry
when harmful species resemble one another in order to benefit from shared communication (honest signal)
47
Batesian mimicry
when harmless species resemble a harmful species in order to trick other species (dishonest signal)
48
Lindeman's Law
On average, about 10% of energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level
49
The carbon cycle
The process by which carbon atoms travel through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms. Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, ocean uptake, and fossil fuels.
50
The hydrologic cycle (water cycle)
continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth's surface. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.
51
The nitrogen cycle
nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. N2 fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification.
52
Succession
the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time
53
Primary succession
the development of a biological community in an area where no previous community existed, starting from bare rock or barren land
54
Secondary succession
ecological recovery and community changes that occur in an area where a previous community was disturbed or destroyed but soil remains intact
55
Top-down effects
ecological impacts that occur when predators at the top of the food chain influence the population and community structure of species at lower trophic levels
56
Bottom-Up effects
ecological impacts that occur when changes at lower trophic levels influence the population and community structure of species at higher trophic levels
57
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
the idea that ecosystems experiencing moderate levels of disturbance have higher species diversity compared to those with low or high levels of disturbance
58
Define aerobic respiration
aerobic respiration uses oxygen to turn food into useable chemical energy (photosynthesis)
59
How is living on land different than living in water?
water balance and desiccation; nutrient uptake; respiration and gas exchange; reproduction and gamete dispersal; gravity and locomotion; senses and sensory organs
60
Move
species can shift their geographic range or habitat use
61
Die
populations suffer negative fitness consequences
62
acclimate
species can make short-term changes to their traits
63
adapt
populations can increase the frequencies of beneficial traits
64
Herbicide resistance
the ability of a plant to survive and reproduce despite being exposed to a herbicide that is intended to kill it
65
Pesticide resistance
the ability of pests to survive and reproduce despite being exposed to a pesticide that is intended to control or eliminate them
66
Climate change: range shifts
the movement of species to new geographic areas in response to changing climate conditions, such as temperature and precipitation patterns
67
Climate change: timing
changes in the timing of natural events, such as flowering, migration, and breeding, due to shifting climate conditions
68
Climate change: morphology
alterations in the physical traits or appearance of organisms in response to changing climate conditions
69
Urban environments: movement
how species adapt their movement patterns, such as migration or dispersal, between urban areas
70
Urban environment: morphology
changes in physical traits or appearance of organisms due to living in urban areas
71
Urban environments: noise
the impact of human-made noise on the behavior and well-being of organisms in urban areas
72
How do humans change biotic factors?
habitat destruction, pollution, introduction of invasive species, overharvesting, and climate change
73
How does hunting affect trophic cascades?
74
How does hunting affect morphology?
removed top predators or key species from an ecosystem, leading to overpopulation of prey species, which affects vegetation
75
What does human activity do?
reduce population sizes, decrease gene flow, and increase the strength of natural selection

BIS 2B (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions