FINAL STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
what properties of water allow it to form a droplet on a leaf?
a. water is a good solvent and is cohesive
b. water has a high surface tension and high heat capacity
c. water is formed from ionic bonds and these bonds make water very stable
d. water is polar and cohesive
e. water has a high heat capacity and lower density when frozen
d. water is polar and cohesive
which of the following is/are found in all cells?
a. cell membrane
b. ribosomes
c. DNA
d. all of the above are found in all cells
d. all of the above are found in all cells
Is it possible for a scientist to bias a scientific study?
a. No, there are so many checks and balances outside of the scientist’s control that it is impossible to bias a scientific study
b. yes, if the scientist used a large number of test subjects
c. yes, if the scientist selected specific individuals to be in the experimental group or the control group
d. No, because only anecdotal data can be biased
c. Yes, if the scientist selected specific individuals to be in the experimental group or the control group
For a species to win at life (not go extinct), organisms must ___.
a. use camouflage
b. be strong
c. be able to move
d. reproduce
d. reproduce
statistical significance __
a. indicates a high likelihood that the results of your experiment are due to your treatment and not due to chance
b. indicates that the hypothesis should be rejected
c. is more reliable if you have a small sample size versus a large sample size
d. shows there were no biases in your experiment
a. indicates a high likelihood that the results of your experiment are due to your treatment and not due to chance
which of the following three statements about transport proteins is FALSE
a. transport proteins are very specific in the type of molecule they transfer
b. trasport proteins are embedded in the cell membrane
c. transport proteins provide a way for large molecules to pass across the cell membrane
d. all three statements are true
e. all three statements are false
d. all three statements are true
scientific journals send out newly submitted manuscripts to other scientists working in the same area of research, and those scientists make comments regarding the research. This process is known as ___
a. jurisprudence
b. peer rebuttal
c. journalistic integrity
d. journalistic license
e. peer review
e. peer review
___ are produce during photosynthesis
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids
a. carbohydrates
anecdotal evidence __
a. is always wrong
b. is untested so it can be unreliable
c. has little influence on how people think or what they do
d. comes from systematic, quantified observations
b. is untested so it can be unreliable
all nucleic acids are made up of chains of __
a. lipids
b. nucleotides
c. sugars
d. amino acids
b. nucleotides
a water molecule is a polar molecule because e
a. hydrogen has more electrons than oxygen
b. oxygen has more electrons than hydrogen
c. hydrogen has a greater pull on electrons than oxygen
d. oxygen has a greater pull on electrons than hydrogen
e. hydrogen has more neutrons than oxygen
d. oxygen has a greater pull on electrons than hydrogen
carbohydrates are __
a. used to store information
b. source of energy
c. hydrophobic molecules
d. not used by all cells
b. a source of energy
the fact that water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid explains why
a. water is such a good solvent
b. water can resist temperature changes
c. ice floats on top of liquid water
d. ice cubes sink when laced in a glass of water
e. oil never dissolves in water
c. ice floats on top of liquid water
in a well-designed experiment
a. the hypothesis is supported
b. no control is needed
c. the predicted outcome always happens
d. the results provide useful evidence to support or reject the hypothesis
d. the results provide useful evidence to support or reject the hypothesis
if you read about several studies on the effectiveness of a new drug to treat diabetes, which of the following would give you the most confidence in the results?
a. one study with 50 people
b. one study with 500 people
c. one study with 1000 people
d. three studies done the same way, each with 50 people
e. three studies done the same way, each with 1000 people
e. three studies done the same way, each with 1000 people
ribosomes__
a. form a boundary around the cell
b. provide a cell with energy
c. make proteins
d. make lipids
c. make proteins
to sign cells to increase their uptake of glucose from the blood, insulin must bind to a ___ in the cell membrane
a. receptor protein
b. transport protein
c. carbohydrate
d. phospholipids
a. receptor protein
all of the following are true of water EXCEPT
a. neighboring molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds
b. water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
c. water is a polar molecule, where the oxygen is slightly positive and the hydrogens are slightly negative
d. water is the basis for all life as we know it
e. water can dissolve molecules with electrical charges
c. water is a polar molecule, where the oxygen is slightly positive and the hydrogens are slightly negative
nucleotides can be joined together into any sequence because __
a. the phosphate group of one nucleotide can bind to the sugar of any other nucleotide
b. all nucleotides have the same base, and that is how they bind to each other
c. nucleotides are hydrophobic and will all cluster together
d. none of the above, nucleotides can only be joined into one sequence, ACGT
a. the phosphate group of one nucleotide can bind to the sugar of any other nucleotide
you have completed an experiment where you looked at the effectiveness of a pesticide over a 4-year time span on a population of aphids (an insect). How would you best represent your data
a. line graph
b. pie graph
c. bar graph
d. scatter plot
e. correlation
a. line graph
which of the following is NOT a scientific theory
a. cells come from pre-excisting cells
b. objects are attracted to one another by gravity
c. a hypothesis supported by results from an experiment with 3,000 subjects
d. all life forms are related to each other through common ancestry
e. the universe was created from a large cosmic explosion
c. a hypothesis supported by results from an experiment with 3,000 subjects
researchers set up an experiment to test the effectiveness of a special exercise on developing muscle strength. The experimental group was made up of twenty men, who did the special exercise every day for three weeks in addition to their normal exercise routine. The control group was made up of twenty women, who just did their normal exercise routine. What would improve this experiment?
a. All of the participants should do the exercise
b. there should be both women and men in the experimental group and in the control group
c. the number of participants should be decreased
d. all of these changes would improve the experiment
b. there should be both women and men in the experimental group and in the control group
In designing an experiment to test a new drug treatment, the ideal control group should ___
a. be identical to the experimental group but receive a placebo
b. receive the same treatment as the experimental group
c. be very different from the experimental group to increase the provability of significant results
d. be available in case something goes wrong with the experimental group
a. be identical to the experimental group but receive a placebo
A scientific study looked at the effects of tanning beds on DNA. The scientists took skin cells and exposed half of them to UV light for 30 min. they then looked for the signs of DNA damage and compared the results in the cells that had been exposed to the UV light to the cells that had not been exposed.
what is the dependent variable in this experiment?
a. the number of skin cells
b. the type of light
c. the exposure to UV light
d. the unexposed cells
e. the amount of DNA damage
e. the amount of DNA damage
Evaporation from the leaves of a tree will pull water up through the roots as an unbroken column throughout the entire height of the tree. This feat is possible because of which characteristic of water
a. surface tension
b. cohesion
c. absorption
d. kinetic energy
e. vaproization
b. cohesion
all of the following statements about protein are true EXCEPT
a. their function is dependent on their shape
b. they can build new molecules
c. they can change the shape of cells
d. they store information
d. they store information
in an experiment to test the effects of surgery on knee pain, individuals in the control group had a sham surgery where an incision was made but nothing else was done. the control group was needed to __
a. provide a basis of comparison to determine the
b. provide the surgeon with an opportunity to practice
c. demonstrate that surgery would be safe
d. demonstrate that sham surgeries are an effective treatment for knee pain
a. provide a basis of comparison to determine the effect of the actual surgeries
Glycogen is made up of lots of glucose molecules held together by covalent bonds. Breaking down glycogen requires
a. enzymes
b. transport proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. lipids
a. enzymes
cell membranes create a hydrophobic barrier that blocks the movement of many molecules into or out of the cell ___ are the molecule;es that make hydrophobic barrier
a. complex carbohydrates
b. phospholipids
c. nucleic acids
d. proteins
b. phospholipids
a hypothesis is a statement that __
a. can be changed throughout an experiment
b. can be tested and proven false (if it is false)
c. has been completely accepted by scientists
d. describes a scientific fact
b. can be tested and proven false (if it is false)
which of the following types of graphs is the most appropriate to use for discrete, categorical data
a. line graph
b. pie graph
c. bar graph
d. scatter plot
e. correlation
c. bar graph
active camouflage __
a. involves changing to match an organism’s immediate environment
b. is the use of bright correlation to adverse toxicity
c. requires lots of movement
d. can only be done by octopuses
a. involves changing to match an organisms immediate environment
sister chromatids are
a. 50% identical
b. the chromosomes you inherited from your mother
c. the chromosomes that go together into a new cell
d. separated during mitosis
d. separated during mitosis
predict what would most likely happen in a cell if a tumor suppressor gene was mutated such that it dod not produce a functional protein
a. DNA errors would occur more frequently
b. the cell would divide much slower
c. the cell would pause forever and wait for damage to be repaired
d. the cell would copy DNA faster and more accurately
a. DNA errors would occur more frequently
ribosomes are needed during translation to a. separate strands of DNA b. connect amino acids into a chain c. make tRNAs d,. all of the above
b. connect amino acids into a chain
which of the following statements about cell division is FALSE
a. it is necessary for wound healing
b. it is needed for growth
c. it happens regularly in our bodies to replace old cells
d. all of the cells in our bodies are capable of cell division when needed
d. all of the cells in our bodies are capable of cell division when needed
the regulatory sequence of a gene includes the promotor. Without a promoter
a. the gene will not get copied during DNA replication
b. the amino acid sequence of the protein will be changed
c. the RNA polymerase cannot find and transcribe the gene
d. the gene will still function normally. The promoter is not a necessary part of the gene
c. the RNA polymerase cannot find and transcribe the gene
which statement correctly describes the organization of the genome?
___ are made of ___ and contain many ___
a. Genes; DNA; chromosomes
b. Chromosomes; DNA; genes
c. Genes; chromosomes; protein
d. protein; DNA; genes
b. chromosomes; DNA; genes
which of the following is true of stem cells?
a. stem cells can give rise to multiple types of cells
b. stem cells are only present in embryos
c. stem cells are the only cells with a copy of all of the genes in the genome
d. stem cells cannot divide
a. stem cells can give rise to multiple types of cells
a specific gene, called GRAB, prevents a cell from entering mitosis if there are any signs of DNA damage. This means that GRAB would be a type of a. cell cycle checkpoint b. tumor - causing gene c, growth signal d. mutation
a. cell cycle checkpoint
in order to use bacteria to make human insulin, you need to make a recombinant gene with ___ regulatory sequence and ___ coding sequence
a. human; bacteria
b. bacteria; human
c. human; human
d. yeast; human
b. bacteria; human
at metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell. Which of the following is true of the chromosomes at this point in mitosis?
a. the chromosomes have been replicated
b. spindle fibers are attached
c. sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
mutations that cause the cell to divide rapidly, even in the absence of a signal to divide, are usually mutations of a. proto-oncogenes b. tumor - supressor genes c. cell-surface proteins d DNA - repair enzymes
a. proto-oncogenes
Gene regulation
a. is the control of when and where a gene is expressed
b. involves regulartory sequences
c. can involve transcription of a gene being turned on or off
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
CRISPR can be used by scientists to
a. change or cut out an existing gene
b. sequence a gene
c. identify individuals from DNA left at a crime scene
d. replicate DNA in the lab
a, change for cut out an existing gene
after a recombinant gene is made, it is put into a vector (fro example, a virus). What is the role of the vector in making a genetically modified organism?
a. it express the recombinant gene
b. it helps the recombinant gene get inserted into the cell of the host organism
c. it modifies the sequence of the recombinant gene so that it matches the genetic code of the host organism
d. all of the above
b. it helps the recombinant gene get inserted into the cells of the host organism
one end of a tRNA molecule binds to mRNA, and the other end of the tRNA bind to
a. an amino acid
b. another tRNA
c. DNA
d. a nucleotide
a. an amino acid
when considering all cancers, most are due to
a. inherited mutations in somatic cells
b. inherited mutations in germ cells
c. acquired mutations in somatic cells
d. acquired mutations in germ cells
c. acquired mutations in somatic cells
all of the following statements about protein folding are correct EXCPET
a. the sequence of the amino acids determines how a protein will fold
b. changing one amino acid in a protein is not enough to affect how it folds
c. proteins fold so that the hydrophobic amino acids are together in the inside of the protein
d. proper folding is necessary for the protein to function
b. chaining one amino acid in a protein is not enough to affect how it folds
after DNA replication, the newly replicated double stranded DNA molecule is made up of
a. one old strand of DNA and one new strand
b. two new strands of DNA
c. two old strands of DNA
d. two strands, each strand a mix of old and new DNA
a. one old strand of DNA and one new strand
an individuals STR (short tandem repeat) may vary from the same STR of another individual by
a. the nucleotide sequence of the repeat
b. the number of times the sequence is repeated
c. the specific location of the STR on the chromosome
d. none of the above. STR’s do not vary between individuals
b. the number of times the sequence is repeated
Cancer is
a. an organ that becomes malignant
b. a metastatic cell
c. unregulated cell division
d. regulated cell division
c. unregulated cell division
when making a DNA profile, gel electrophoresis is used to
a. separate pieces of DNA according to size
b. identify regulatory sequences and coding sequences
c. make copies of STRs
separate the DNA from different individuals in a sample collected from a crime scene
a. separate pieces of DNA according to size
the deletion of a base pari from the coding sequence of a gene
a. does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein
b. can change many of the amino acids in the protein
c. will change when the gene is expressed
d. will not affect the function of the protein (it will still work normally)
b. can change many of the amino acids in the proteins
what is the advantage to using CRISPR to modify DNA
a. CRISPR is the only way to insert a new gene into a genome
b. CRISPR makes changes at specific locations in the genome
c. CRIPR makes changes at random locations in the genome
d. CRISPR occurs naturally in stem cells, so it is easy to use
b. CRISPR makes changes at specific locations in the genome
complementary base pairing
a. holds two strand of DNA together
b. enables a strand of DNA to act as a template for making DNA
c. enables mRNA to bind with tRNA
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
cells in your kidneys produce different proteins than the cells in your brain. How is this possible
a. kidney cells lack some of the genes that are present in brain cells
b. brain cells lack some of the genes that are present in kidney cells
c. kidney cells and brain cells have the same DNA but sue differentiations genes
d. kidney cells and brain cells have completely different DNA
c. kidney cells and brain cells have the same DNA but use different genes
DNA with the sequence ACG will base pair with the RNA sequence A. ACG B. UGC C. TGC D. UCG
B. UGC
a cell with 12 chromosomes that undergoes mitosis will produce cells that each have
a. 6 chromosomes
b. 12 chromosomes
c. 24 chromosomes
d. 46 chromosomes
b. 12 chromosomes
DNA polymerase links nucleotides into a chain by helping
a. hydrogen bonds form between the bases
b. covalent binds form between the bases
c. covalent bonds form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide
d. hydrogen bonds form between the sugars
c. covalent bonds form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide
which of the following statements about DNA replication is true
a. the existing strands of DNA must be separated to act as templates for making more DNA
b. after DNA replication is complete, the two copies of the chromosome are completely separated and free to move to different parts of the cell
c. no enzymes are needed for DNA replication
d, DNA replication happens during mitosis
a, the existing strands of DNA must be separated to act as templates for making more DNA
stop codon
a. cause the amino acid chain to be released
b. are found in mRNA
c. do not code for an amino acid
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
all of the following happen during interphase EXCEPT
a. the cell grows
b. more cell contents are made
c. DNA is replicated
d. chromosomes are divided
d. chromosomes are divided
to make a protein from the information in a gene, all of the following are needed EXCEPT
a. RNA polymerase
b. DNA polymerase
c. Ribosome
d. tRNA
b. DNA polymerase
which of the following is a consequence if spindle fibers do not attach correctly to chromosomes during mitosis
a. chromosomes will not be properly divided into the new cells
b. chromosomes will divide properly but the cell won’t divide into two
c. DNA will not replicate
d. the cell will become stuck in S phase
a,. chromosomes will not be properly divided into the new cells
which of the following statements is FALSE
a. DNA stores information, RNA is just a temporary copy of the information
b. both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides
c. both DNA and RNA are double-stranded
d. RNA molecules are shorter than DNA molecules
c. both DNA and RNA are double- stranded
cancerous cells have many different characteristics than normal cells Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancerous cells
a. continue dividing
b. exhibit contact inhibition
c. escape the immune system
d. have a different metabolism
b. exhibit contact inhibition
which of the following has the most chromosomes
a. fruit flies
b. mules
c. humans
d. adder’s tongues ferns
d. adder’s tongue ferns
