chapter 1 test -study guide questions Flashcards
what is the benefit of using the scientific method
it involves systematic, quantified observations, a process for drawing conclusions based on evidence from observations and experiments
describe the steps in the process of the scientific method
observations hypothesis testable predictions experiments or additional observations conclusions
what is anecdotal evidence
casual, personal observations, can be interesting, helpful, untested and often unreliable, can be right
ex: Micheal Phelps using cupping before swimming, he is a good swimmer, so cupping makes you a good swimmer
how are the conclusions from scientific studies similar to or different from those generated from anecdotal observations
conclusions drawn from scientific studies have been actually tested while anecdotal evidence has not been tested and is based on opinion and hear say
what are the requirements of a good scientific hypothesis
takes an actual hypothesis, theory, systematic approach, and testing
why would you repeat steps in the scientific process when testing a hypothesis
to know for sure that you have come up with reliable conclusions
what makes a good experiment
experimental (test groups)
control group
variables - independent and dependent variables
what are the similarities and differences between control and experimental groups
control groups have no variables changed or manipulated
experimental groups have a manipulated or changed factor
independent variable
variable we can control
dependent variable
result based on the independent variable
what can be done to reduce biases in an experiment
test a bigger group of people, peer-reviewed
why are statistical analyses used to evaluate the results of an experiment
its a method to make sense out of our data, showing relationships and correlations between the data
when should you use a bar graph vs. a line graph
bar graphs- best to display discrete data and categorical data ( data you can count)
line graphs - best to display trends or change in something over time, best used for continuous data
what are the independent and dependent variables in a graph
independent variable - x-axis
dependent variable - y-axis
how is the scale of axes important in data representation
if the scale is off then it can improperly display the data
what is meant by the phrase “correlation does not equal causation”
correlation between two variables does not mean that one variable causes another
what is ‘peer-review’
review of an article by experts before publication, this ensures that the authors have appropriately designed and interpreted their study, weeds out the sloppy work
what is the basic structure of a cell
DNA, ribosomes, and cell membrane
what is the function of a cell membrane
regulates what comes in and out of the cell
how do phospholipids form the basic structure of cell membranes, how do they help the membrane to function
they form the phospholipid bilayer, that contains hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
hydrophobic
does not interact with water
hydrophilic
does interact with water
how do proteins help the membrane to function
give all of the ability to do things in the cell,
transport proteins help provide places where molecules can cross
regulate movement in and out of the cell
what is the function of ribosomes
make protein, helps give everything the ability to do their functions in a cell
what is the function of enzymes
speeds up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells
help form or break covalent bonds
break down macromolecules into parts and build new molecules
what is a substrate
the substance on which an enzyme acts
the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment
what is the structure of a water molecule
H. H
O
what is hydrogen bonding and how does it affect the properties of water
hydrogen bonds form between the more positive hydrogen atoms and more negative oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules
why is water considered a polar molecule
one end of the molecule is more positive and the other is more negative, the negatively charged electron in these covalent bonds are more strongly attracted to the oxygen atom
what are some biological examples of how the properties of water influence organisms
water forms hydrogen bonds, water is sticky, water can absorb a lot of energy and ice is less dense than liquid water
the four types of organic macromolecules that make up all of life
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
structure and function of carbohydrates
sugar molecules or chains of sugar
structure and function of proteins
amino acid sequence, Protection, structure, Regulation, Contraction, transportation
structure and function of nucleic acids
store genetic information
DNA and RNA
composed of long strand of nucleotides that have a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
structure and function of lipids
all hydrophobic, store energy, signaling and acting as a structural components of cell membranes
structure - glycerol molecule bonded to long hydrocarbon chains
what can not be dissolved in water
lipids cannot be dissolved in water, charged substances dissolve in water
DNA bases for nucleic acids
A,C,G,T
RNA bases for nucleic acids
A,C,G,U
true or false the amino acid sequence order in a protein has no meaning
false the amino acid sequence in a protein describes the shape and function of that protein
covalent bonds connect atoms to form
molecules
covalent bonds connect molecules to form
macromolecules
