Exam 2 Flashcards
Study Guide Questions
what is the overall structure of DNA
sugar, phosphate, and base
what are the subunits
A,G,T,C
where do covalent bonds form
hold the nucleotides in a strand together
where do hydrogen bonds form
hold the two strands of DNA together, between specific pairs
are hydrogen bonds stronger or weaker than covalent bonds
weaker
what are the basic steps of DNA replication
Seperate the DNA strands
Use them to make new strands
what happens to the original strands of DNA when a chromosome gets replicated
the replicated DNA is one new strand and one old strand
what is the function of the original strands of DNA in replication
DNA is the permeant copy of information
is the model for RNA
what is the role of DNA polymerase
makes complementary new strands by separating the DNA
what is the structure of RNA
phosphate, sugars, bases (A,C,G,U)
how does the overall structure differ in RNA from DNA
RNA is single stranded, much shorter, different bases (A,C,G,U)
how do the subunits differ in RNA and DNA
A,C,G,U
what are the two components of a gene
Protein and RNA
what is the template (the molecule from which information is copied) in transcription
one half of the DNA strand
what is the final product of transcription
make an RNA strand
what is the role of RNA polymerase
enzyme that makes RNA
what is the general structure
amino acid sequence
how are proteins held together
ribosomes
what is the role of mRNA
information specifying the sequence of the amino acids
what is the role of tRNA
interpreters, one side of a tRNA has an amino acid attached, each carries a specific amino acid
what are codons and anticodons
Codons: don’t code for an amino acid, cause amino acid chain to be released, mRNA is free to be reused
why or when are more cells needed
healing (repair damage)
replacement (hair, skin, lining of intestine)
growth
reproduction
what happen during the cell cycle
divide a cell to make two identical cells
for each subphrase, what happens and why is that needed?
G1 phase- growth phase (make more cell content)
S phase- synthesis phase (make more DNA)
G2 phase - growth phase (prepare for division)
what are sister chromatids
they are identical copies of a chromosome
what happened during mitosis (general description)
dividing up the DNA so both cells will get a copy of every chromosome, ultimately divides into two separate cells
how do the cells that are produced compare to each other
they are identical
how do the cells that are produced differ from the parent cell
they have half from one parent and half from the other
what is the spindle
the structure that moves and divides chromosomes, hollow tubes of proteins, able to rapidly grow and shorten
what is its function in mitosis
pulls apart the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell
what happens to the chromosomes during mitosis
chromosomes align in the center of the cell, cell checks that all of the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers from both sides of the cell, cell divides into two separate cells after chromosomes are pulled apart
what is gene regulation
process of controlling when, where, and how much protein is made
what is the difference between stem cells and specialized cells
stem cells- make more stem cells or divide into specialized cells
specialized cells- cells with a specialized function
why are stem cells important for tissue health
stem cells can help to regrow, repair, or replace damaged cells
what is regenerative medicine
these are attempts to regrow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, tissues, or organs
what is the potential for stem cells in medicine and how can they be used
therapeutic drugs can stimulate stem cell differentiation
stem cells can grow In culture and be injected into a human organ
organs can grow on a scaffold and later be transplanted
what is cancer
unregulated cell growth
cell division out of control
mutation driven process
what are checkpoints of the cell cycle checkpoints
G0-G1 checkpoint: check if the growth factors present to signal cell division
G1-S checkpoint: check if there is DNA damage that needs repaired
S-G2 checkpoint: have chromosomes replicated properly
Mitosis checkpoint: are the chromosomes aligned properly for chromatid replication
what is a mutated proto-oncogene called
oncogenes
why do mutated proto-oncogenes increase cancer risk
they are permantely activated and signals cell cycle progression even in the absence of growth signals
why do mutated tumor-suppressor genes increase cancer risk
can be manipulated to become inactive- normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death
how do cancer cells differ from normal cells
continually grow and divide
why are most forms of cancer not heritable
because only a small minority of cancers run in families
can your personal lifestyle choices affect your likelihood of acquiring DNA mutations
yes, some activities can contains carcinogens
what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of cancer
limit UV radiations, smoking, alcohol
how do these measures reduce cancer risk
limit your exposure to carcinogens
what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of hereditary cancers, how do theses measures reduce cancer risk
can get checks to catch cancer early on
what is PCR used for? What does it do
a way of making copies of DNA
what “ingredients” are needed for PCR, what are their functions
nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers, heat ( to separate strands of DNA)
what are the steps in one round of PCR
separate the strands of DNA with heat, use the to make new strands (using nucleotides, DNA polymerase, and primers)
how does PCR compare to natural DNA replication
PCR is mutated and controlled
what are the problems with using DNA profiling in criminal cases
there can be mistakes, the incident where the guy performing all of the DNA tests accidentally
what is a GMO
genetically modified organism
