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biology 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Study Guide Questions

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the overall structure of DNA

A

sugar, phosphate, and base

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2
Q

what are the subunits

A

A,G,T,C

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3
Q

where do covalent bonds form

A

hold the nucleotides in a strand together

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4
Q

where do hydrogen bonds form

A

hold the two strands of DNA together, between specific pairs

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5
Q

are hydrogen bonds stronger or weaker than covalent bonds

A

weaker

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6
Q

what are the basic steps of DNA replication

A

Seperate the DNA strands

Use them to make new strands

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7
Q

what happens to the original strands of DNA when a chromosome gets replicated

A

the replicated DNA is one new strand and one old strand

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8
Q

what is the function of the original strands of DNA in replication

A

DNA is the permeant copy of information

is the model for RNA

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9
Q

what is the role of DNA polymerase

A

makes complementary new strands by separating the DNA

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10
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

phosphate, sugars, bases (A,C,G,U)

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11
Q

how does the overall structure differ in RNA from DNA

A

RNA is single stranded, much shorter, different bases (A,C,G,U)

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12
Q

how do the subunits differ in RNA and DNA

A

A,C,G,U

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13
Q

what are the two components of a gene

A

Protein and RNA

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14
Q

what is the template (the molecule from which information is copied) in transcription

A

one half of the DNA strand

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15
Q

what is the final product of transcription

A

make an RNA strand

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16
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that makes RNA

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17
Q

what is the general structure

A

amino acid sequence

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18
Q

how are proteins held together

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

what is the role of mRNA

A

information specifying the sequence of the amino acids

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20
Q

what is the role of tRNA

A

interpreters, one side of a tRNA has an amino acid attached, each carries a specific amino acid

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21
Q

what are codons and anticodons

A

Codons: don’t code for an amino acid, cause amino acid chain to be released, mRNA is free to be reused

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22
Q

why or when are more cells needed

A

healing (repair damage)
replacement (hair, skin, lining of intestine)
growth
reproduction

23
Q

what happen during the cell cycle

A

divide a cell to make two identical cells

24
Q

for each subphrase, what happens and why is that needed?

A

G1 phase- growth phase (make more cell content)
S phase- synthesis phase (make more DNA)
G2 phase - growth phase (prepare for division)

25
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

they are identical copies of a chromosome

26
Q

what happened during mitosis (general description)

A

dividing up the DNA so both cells will get a copy of every chromosome, ultimately divides into two separate cells

27
Q

how do the cells that are produced compare to each other

A

they are identical

28
Q

how do the cells that are produced differ from the parent cell

A

they have half from one parent and half from the other

29
Q

what is the spindle

A

the structure that moves and divides chromosomes, hollow tubes of proteins, able to rapidly grow and shorten

30
Q

what is its function in mitosis

A

pulls apart the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

31
Q

what happens to the chromosomes during mitosis

A

chromosomes align in the center of the cell, cell checks that all of the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers from both sides of the cell, cell divides into two separate cells after chromosomes are pulled apart

32
Q

what is gene regulation

A

process of controlling when, where, and how much protein is made

33
Q

what is the difference between stem cells and specialized cells

A

stem cells- make more stem cells or divide into specialized cells
specialized cells- cells with a specialized function

34
Q

why are stem cells important for tissue health

A

stem cells can help to regrow, repair, or replace damaged cells

35
Q

what is regenerative medicine

A

these are attempts to regrow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, tissues, or organs

36
Q

what is the potential for stem cells in medicine and how can they be used

A

therapeutic drugs can stimulate stem cell differentiation
stem cells can grow In culture and be injected into a human organ
organs can grow on a scaffold and later be transplanted

37
Q

what is cancer

A

unregulated cell growth
cell division out of control
mutation driven process

38
Q

what are checkpoints of the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G0-G1 checkpoint: check if the growth factors present to signal cell division
G1-S checkpoint: check if there is DNA damage that needs repaired
S-G2 checkpoint: have chromosomes replicated properly
Mitosis checkpoint: are the chromosomes aligned properly for chromatid replication

39
Q

what is a mutated proto-oncogene called

A

oncogenes

40
Q

why do mutated proto-oncogenes increase cancer risk

A

they are permantely activated and signals cell cycle progression even in the absence of growth signals

41
Q

why do mutated tumor-suppressor genes increase cancer risk

A

can be manipulated to become inactive- normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death

42
Q

how do cancer cells differ from normal cells

A

continually grow and divide

43
Q

why are most forms of cancer not heritable

A

because only a small minority of cancers run in families

44
Q

can your personal lifestyle choices affect your likelihood of acquiring DNA mutations

A

yes, some activities can contains carcinogens

45
Q

what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of cancer

A

limit UV radiations, smoking, alcohol

46
Q

how do these measures reduce cancer risk

A

limit your exposure to carcinogens

47
Q

what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of hereditary cancers, how do theses measures reduce cancer risk

A

can get checks to catch cancer early on

48
Q

what is PCR used for? What does it do

A

a way of making copies of DNA

49
Q

what “ingredients” are needed for PCR, what are their functions

A

nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers, heat ( to separate strands of DNA)

50
Q

what are the steps in one round of PCR

A

separate the strands of DNA with heat, use the to make new strands (using nucleotides, DNA polymerase, and primers)

51
Q

how does PCR compare to natural DNA replication

A

PCR is mutated and controlled

52
Q

what are the problems with using DNA profiling in criminal cases

A

there can be mistakes, the incident where the guy performing all of the DNA tests accidentally

53
Q

what is a GMO

A

genetically modified organism

biology 100 (5 decks)

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