Final Study Guide Flashcards by Kristina McClellan

What are the approaches or perspectives and psychology

Biological
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Learning
Sociocultural

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The distinct patterns of behavior including thoughts and feelings the characterize a person’s adaptations to life

Personality

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What psychology perspective is being demonstrated

Do you negative consequences such as detentions and expulsions deter a person from acting in a violent manner

Learning

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What perspective is being demonstrated

Are certain types of decision-making styles more common among the violent students than the nonviolent students

Humanistic

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What perspective is being demonstrated

Is violent behavior related to students inability to deny other impulses

Psycho analytic

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Perspective is being demonstrated

Are hormone levels associated with stress reactions higher among students involved in violence

Biological

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What will the organism do?

What will they think or feel?

Prediction

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What was John B Watson the founder of

American behaviorism

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The psychologist who said if psychology were to be a natural science it must limit itself to observable measurable events of behavior

John B Watson

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A sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

Random sample

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The distinctive feature of the psychoanalytic perspective is its emphasis on

The influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

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What do cognitive psychologists study

The mind mental processes

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What type of psychologist is Dr. Flory if he conducts basic research on the relationship between adults language skills and their capacity to solve math problems

Experimental psychologist

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What specialty area does Dr. Malkins research best represent on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others

Social

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What type of psychologist is Dr. Crosby if he is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with the newly developed line of cosmetics and beauty aids

Consumer

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Specialist most likely to have a medical degree

Health psychologist

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What research method would be used to investigate the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion

Survey method

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Why is a random sample of research participants selected in a survey

To ensure that the whole population is represented

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The variable manipulated by the experimenter

Independent variable

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What variable would anxiety be in an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem

Independent variable

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The group that receives treatment

Experimental group

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The group that does not receive the treatment

Control group

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The study in which the participant is unaware of whether he or she has received a treatment

Single blind study

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A method of scientific investigation that concludes with the calculation of a statistic that indicates the strength and relationship between two variables

Correlational

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What method would be used? Does a lack of sleep cause change in problem solving ability

Testing method

Determining whether growing up in the wild has affected a child's cognitive development

Case study method

What method What is the average five year olds attention span at a playground

Naturalistic observational

Method How do people residing near nuclear reactors feel about the nuclear arms race are their opinions differ from those of people living far from nuclear facilities

Cross-sectional

What influences our perceptions

Past experiences Moods attitudes and values Needs What the group believes

The psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation

Perception

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

Sensation

The weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed

Absolute threshold

When principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality

Optical illusions

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived

Difference threshold

What occurs after entering a darkened movie theater and our vision gradually improving enabling us to see more easily this is because of sensitization or

Sensory adaptation

The reason we know that the cars parked on a distant parking lot are not actually the size of toys

Size constancy

What determines the loudness of the sound

The height or amplitude of a soundwave

Bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids

Cochlea

Where are the three tiny bones that transmits soundwave vibrations located

Middle ear

Turning your head would be the most useful for detecting the of a sound

Location

What 4 sensations was our sense of taste originally thought to involve

Bitter sour salty sweet

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Learning

Learning that takes place when an originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response bc it's association with an unconditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's known for his contribution to the understanding of

Classical conditioning

In Pavlas classic experiment what was salivation and what was the bell

Salivation was the unconditioned response the bell was the neutral stimulus that later turned into the conditioned stimulus

The thing elicited by the condition stimulus

Conditioned response

What is the condition response Riding the Ferris wheel at Kennywood in becoming dizzy Seeing an ad for Kennywood and feeling nauseated

Feeling dizzy and nauseated

When does extinction in classical conditioning occur

With the repeated presentation of the condition stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

The return of an extinguished conditioned response

Spontaneous recovery

What is demonstrated A lab rat being very nervous whenever turquoise light is flashing his cage after being exposed to the repeated pairings of a dark blue light and electrical shock

Stimulus generalization

What is exemplified by little Albert learning to fear rats as a result of clanging of steel bars in the presence of a rat

Higher order conditioning

An little Alberts experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus

The clanging of the steel bars

Behavior is reinforced based on time

Interval schedule of reinforcement

Behavior is reinforced on the basis of how many responses have been made

Ratio schedule of reinforcement

What do reinforcers do to behavior and what do punishers do to behavior

Reinforcers increase the frequency of behavior Punishers decreased the frequency of behavior

You created the experiment known as project pigeon also created what is referred to as the operant box

BF Skinner

What does this demonstrate Sydney teaching a teammate to pass the puck when he taps his stick on the ice by rewarding his team with a goal each time the team may perform the behavior

Operant conditioning and positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning it usually takes longest for an initial correct response to be admitted by means of

Stimulus reinforcement

An intense fear of a specific object or situation the fear my significantly restrict her way of life to be diagnosable

Phobia

A system that allows retention of what is learned

Memory

The process of repeating a phrase multiple times

Maintenance rehearsal

Represents information in terms of its meaning

Semantic code

The tendency to recall those items at the beginning and end of the list

Serial position effect

Relate new material with related fact you know

Elaborative rehearsal

What are the three kinds of memory

Episodic semantic procedural

What Are the memory tasks

Recognition recall relearning

Where are memory traces stored

Sensory register

What are the three stages of memory

Sensory memory short-term memory and long-term memory

Difference between a number of times required to learn information initially and the number of times required to relearn the same information

Relearning

Pushing disturbing memories out of our consciousness

Repression

Failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma

Antero grade amnesia

Forget the old because of the new

Retro active interference

Get the new because of the old

Proactive interference

The period of time from conception to two weeks

Germinal stage

The stage in which major body organs begin to form

Embryonic stage

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor birth to two years Preoperational two years to six years Concrete operational 6 to 12 years Formal operational 12 years to adulthood

In what stage of cognitive development are people in when they are able to deal effectively with hypothetical situations

Formal operational

What is the second level of moral judgment described by Kolberg

Conventional level

Rules that maintain the social order are especially important to people in what level of moral reasoning

Conventional level stage 4

Do on to others as you would have others do onto you is the best example of what level of moral reasoning

Postconventional level stage six

What crisis is adolescents characterized by according to Erikson

Identity versus role confusion

Psychologists who study the changes that occur throughout the lifespan

Developmental

What are the adolescent conflicts with the family

Independence restrictions and sexual desires

When kids are unable to identify that the same amount of liquid is into different size containers

Object permanence and conservation