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Final Study Guide Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the approaches or perspectives and psychology

A 
Biological
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Learning
Sociocultural
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1
Q

The distinct patterns of behavior including thoughts and feelings the characterize a person’s adaptations to life

A

Personality

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2
Q

What psychology perspective is being demonstrated

Do you negative consequences such as detentions and expulsions deter a person from acting in a violent manner

A

Learning

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3
Q

What perspective is being demonstrated

Are certain types of decision-making styles more common among the violent students than the nonviolent students

A

Humanistic

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4
Q

What perspective is being demonstrated

Is violent behavior related to students inability to deny other impulses

A

Psycho analytic

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5
Q

Perspective is being demonstrated

Are hormone levels associated with stress reactions higher among students involved in violence

A

Biological

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6
Q

What will the organism do?

What will they think or feel?

A

Prediction

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7
Q

What was John B Watson the founder of

A

American behaviorism

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8
Q

The psychologist who said if psychology were to be a natural science it must limit itself to observable measurable events of behavior

A

John B Watson

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9
Q

A sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

A

Random sample

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10
Q

The distinctive feature of the psychoanalytic perspective is its emphasis on

A

The influence of unconscious forces on human behavior

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11
Q

What do cognitive psychologists study

A

The mind mental processes

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12
Q

What type of psychologist is Dr. Flory if he conducts basic research on the relationship between adults language skills and their capacity to solve math problems

A

Experimental psychologist

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13
Q

What specialty area does Dr. Malkins research best represent on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others

A

Social

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14
Q

What type of psychologist is Dr. Crosby if he is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with the newly developed line of cosmetics and beauty aids

A

Consumer

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15
Q

Specialist most likely to have a medical degree

A

Health psychologist

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16
Q

What research method would be used to investigate the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion

A

Survey method

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17
Q

Why is a random sample of research participants selected in a survey

A

To ensure that the whole population is represented

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18
Q

The variable manipulated by the experimenter

A

Independent variable

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19
Q

What variable would anxiety be in an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem

A

Independent variable

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20
Q

The group that receives treatment

A

Experimental group

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21
Q

The group that does not receive the treatment

A

Control group

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22
Q

The study in which the participant is unaware of whether he or she has received a treatment

A

Single blind study

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23
Q

A method of scientific investigation that concludes with the calculation of a statistic that indicates the strength and relationship between two variables

A

Correlational

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24
Q

What method would be used?

Does a lack of sleep cause change in problem solving ability

A

Testing method

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25
Q

Determining whether growing up in the wild has affected a child’s cognitive development

A

Case study method

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26
Q

What method

What is the average five year olds attention span at a playground

A

Naturalistic observational

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27
Q

Method

How do people residing near nuclear reactors feel about the nuclear arms race are their opinions differ from those of people living far from nuclear facilities

A

Cross-sectional

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28
Q

What influences our perceptions

A

Past experiences
Moods attitudes and values
Needs
What the group believes

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29
Q

The psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation

A

Perception

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30
Q

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

A

Sensation

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31
Q

The weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed

A

Absolute threshold

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32
Q

When principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality

A

Optical illusions

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33
Q

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived

A

Difference threshold

34
Q

What occurs after entering a darkened movie theater and our vision gradually improving enabling us to see more easily this is because of sensitization or

A

Sensory adaptation

35
Q

The reason we know that the cars parked on a distant parking lot are not actually the size of toys

A

Size constancy

36
Q

What determines the loudness of the sound

A

The height or amplitude of a soundwave

37
Q

Bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids

A

Cochlea

38
Q

Where are the three tiny bones that transmits soundwave vibrations located

A

Middle ear

39
Q

Turning your head would be the most useful for detecting the of a sound

A

Location

40
Q

What 4 sensations was our sense of taste originally thought to involve

A

Bitter sour salty sweet

41
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

A

Learning

42
Q

Learning that takes place when an originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response bc it’s association with an unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

43
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s known for his contribution to the understanding of

A

Classical conditioning

44
Q

In Pavlas classic experiment what was salivation and what was the bell

A

Salivation was the unconditioned response the bell was the neutral stimulus that later turned into the conditioned stimulus

45
Q

The thing elicited by the condition stimulus

A

Conditioned response

46
Q

What is the condition response

Riding the Ferris wheel at Kennywood in becoming dizzy
Seeing an ad for Kennywood and feeling nauseated

A

Feeling dizzy and nauseated

47
Q

When does extinction in classical conditioning occur

A

With the repeated presentation of the condition stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

48
Q

The return of an extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

49
Q

What is demonstrated
A lab rat being very nervous whenever turquoise light is flashing his cage after being exposed to the repeated pairings of a dark blue light and electrical shock

A

Stimulus generalization

50
Q

What is exemplified by little Albert learning to fear rats as a result of clanging of steel bars in the presence of a rat

A

Higher order conditioning

51
Q

An little Alberts experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus

A

The clanging of the steel bars

52
Q

Behavior is reinforced based on time

A

Interval schedule of reinforcement

53
Q

Behavior is reinforced on the basis of how many responses have been made

A

Ratio schedule of reinforcement

54
Q

What do reinforcers do to behavior and what do punishers do to behavior

A

Reinforcers increase the frequency of behavior

Punishers decreased the frequency of behavior

55
Q

You created the experiment known as project pigeon also created what is referred to as the operant box

A

BF Skinner

56
Q

What does this demonstrate

Sydney teaching a teammate to pass the puck when he taps his stick on the ice by rewarding his team with a goal each time the team may perform the behavior

A

Operant conditioning and positive reinforcement

57
Q

In operant conditioning it usually takes longest for an initial correct response to be admitted by means of

A

Stimulus reinforcement

58
Q

An intense fear of a specific object or situation the fear my significantly restrict her way of life to be diagnosable

A

Phobia

59
Q

A system that allows retention of what is learned

A

Memory

60
Q

The process of repeating a phrase multiple times

A

Maintenance rehearsal

61
Q

Represents information in terms of its meaning

A

Semantic code

62
Q

The tendency to recall those items at the beginning and end of the list

A

Serial position effect

63
Q

Relate new material with related fact you know

A

Elaborative rehearsal

64
Q

What are the three kinds of memory

A

Episodic semantic procedural

65
Q

What Are the memory tasks

A

Recognition recall relearning

66
Q

Where are memory traces stored

A

Sensory register

67
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

Sensory memory short-term memory and long-term memory

68
Q

Difference between a number of times required to learn information initially and the number of times required to relearn the same information

A

Relearning

69
Q

Pushing disturbing memories out of our consciousness

A

Repression

70
Q

Failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma

A

Antero grade amnesia

71
Q

Forget the old because of the new

A

Retro active interference

72
Q

Get the new because of the old

A

Proactive interference

73
Q

The period of time from conception to two weeks

A

Germinal stage

74
Q

The stage in which major body organs begin to form

A

Embryonic stage

75
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor birth to two years
Preoperational two years to six years
Concrete operational 6 to 12 years
Formal operational 12 years to adulthood

76
Q

In what stage of cognitive development are people in when they are able to deal effectively with hypothetical situations

A

Formal operational

77
Q

What is the second level of moral judgment described by Kolberg

A

Conventional level

78
Q

Rules that maintain the social order are especially important to people in what level of moral reasoning

A

Conventional level stage 4

79
Q

Do on to others as you would have others do onto you is the best example of what level of moral reasoning

A

Postconventional level stage six

80
Q

What crisis is adolescents characterized by according to Erikson

A

Identity versus role confusion

81
Q

Psychologists who study the changes that occur throughout the lifespan

A

Developmental

82
Q

What are the adolescent conflicts with the family

A

Independence restrictions and sexual desires

83
Q

When kids are unable to identify that the same amount of liquid is into different size containers

A

Object permanence and conservation

Psychology (8 decks)

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