Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N393 - HOMEOSTASIS > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

Cortisol increases/decreases - 3/2

A 
Increase - Gluconeogenesis
Increase - Muscle protein catabolism
Increase - Lymph tissue atrophy
Decrease - Protein synthesis
Decrease - Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Eosinophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Central Stress Response hormones - 3

A

Hypothalamus - GHRH
Anterior Pituitary - Growth hormone
Posterior Pituitary - Antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central Stress Response effects - 8

A

Growth hormone increases lipolysis, protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis
Growth hormone decreases insulin sensitivity, muscle glucose uptake
Beta endorphins reduce pain sensation
ADH increases reabsorption of water
Norepinephrine vasoconstriction, raises BP, pupil dilates
Epinephrine increases gluconeogenesis, inotropy, chronotropy
Epinephrine decreases insulin, muscle/fat glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis
Pro-inflammatory effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theories of aging - 4

A

ROS - free radical damage to cells, builds up over time
Telomere shortening
Errors in transcription produce protein errors
Molecular damage causes aberrant gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal aging effects Cardiovascular - 4

A

Slower resting ad max heart rate
Higher BP
Less ability of heart, vessels to respond to changes/stress
Falls risk, cardio issues, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal aging effects Respiratory - 3

A

Less effective mucous clearance
Reduced capacity for aerobic exercise
Respiratory issues become serious quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal aging effects Musculoskeletal - 2

A

Overall stiffness of muscles, joints

Falls risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Normal aging effects Integumentary - 4

A

Smaller fat cushion
Less blood flow
Skin less resilient
Skin tears/ulcers, broken bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal aging effects Hepatic - 2

A

Reduced metabolic function

Drug toxicity, interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal aging effects Renal - 2

A

Decreases ability to excrete drug metabolites, toxins

MOST important cause of ADR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal aging effects Gastrointestinal - 3

A

Dry mouth
Early satiety
Dehydration, nutritional deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal aging effects Genitourinary - 4

A

Changes in sexuality
Urinary retention males
Urinary incontinence females
UTI, skin ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal aging effects Neurologic - 4

A

Slowed mental processing
Alteration in taste, smell
Lower thirst sensation
Nutritional deficiencies, dehydration, falls risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Normal aging effects Endocrine/Metabolic - 4

A

Less appetite
Less tolerance to cold
No fever with infection
Nutritional deficiencies, harder to detect and recover from illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal aging effects Immune - 4

A

Increased risk of infection
Increased incidence certain autoimmune diseases
Increased risk for malignancies
Increased risk of getting sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal aging effects Sleep - 4

A

Longer time to fall asleep
Frequent awakenings
Shortening/disappearance of parts of non-REM sleep
Falls risk, accident risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Age related changes effect on PK - 4

A

Absorption - little change
Distribution - more body fat, lower lean mass, lower body water, lower albumin. Distribution Enhanced
Metabolism - reduced hepatic blood flow/size, enzyme activity, malnutrition. Metabolism Decreased
Excretion - reduced respiratory function, renal function. Excretion Decreased

18
Q

Geriatric symptoms, what to watch for acronym - 6

A 
Sleep Disorders
Problems with eating/feeding
Incontinence
Confusion and Constipation
Evidence of Falls
Skin breakdown
19
Q

HPAA Hormones - 3

A

Hypothalamus - CRH
Anterior Pituitary - ACTH
Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol

20
Q

Oocyte to implantation

A

Oocyte fertilized by sperm
Cleavage to morula then blastocyst
W cell types, inner cell mass and Trophoblast
Day 6 blastocyst implants into uterine wall
Trophoblast becomes placenta

21
Q

Bilaminar becomes trilaminar becomes 3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm - nervous system, epidermis
Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, heart, circulatory, urinary, dermis
Endoderm - liver, pancreas, thyroid, respiratory, gastrointestinal

22
Q

When is fetal circulation, heartbeat

A

Fetal circulation 3 weeks

Heartbeat 4 weeks

23
Q

Fetal circulation differences - 4, when close

A

Ductus venosus - bypass liver, oxygenated blood to Vena Cava
Ductus arteriosus - bridge pulmonary artery to aorta
Foramen ovale - hole between atriums
Closes within hours of birth

24
Q

Lung development - name, what happens, weeks - 5

A

Embrionic - lungs start to form, airways - weeks 3-7
Pseudoglandular - type II pneumocytes - weeks 5-18
Canicular - type I pnuemocytes - week 16-27
Saccular - alveolar saccules, surfactant - weeks 24-38
Alveolar - mature alveoli - weeks 36+, continues in newborn

25
Q

Pregnancy weight gain - 6 + 1

A 
Total 24 pounds
Baby - 7
Placenta, amniotic fluid - 4
Uterus - 2
Breasts - 2
Plasma volume - 6
Fat - 3
26
Q

Pregnancy levels plasma, blood volume, red cell mass, hematocrit, system vascular resistance, serum creatinine, GFR, renal plasma flow

A

Plasma level, blood volume, red cell mass go up.
Hematocrit goes down
System vascular resistance, serum creatinine go down
GFR, renal plasma flow go up

27
Q

Pregnancy and PK

A

Absorption increased - increased blood flow, slow GI less acid
Distribution increased - increased blood flow
Metabolism increased - increased hepatic blood flow
Excretion increased - increased GFR, renal plasma flow

28
Q

Avoid and supplement in pregnancy

A

Avoid: cigarettes, alcohol, illicit drugs, stimulants,
Vitamin A, liver, iodine, some fish/mercury, herbal products, supplements
Supplement: folic acid, iron, calcium

29
Q

Children PK differences skin

A

Skin thin, increased body surface area, increased blood flow

Transdermal absorption higher

30
Q

Children PK differences blood brain barrier

A

Immature. Drugs reach brain in higher amounts

31
Q

Children PK differences trachea siaze

A

Size of straw. Inspired drugs harder to get to lungs

Adverse reaction causing general inflammation serious faster

32
Q

Children PK differences gastric

A

Empties slower first year.

Increased time to reach therapeutic concentration

33
Q

Children PK differences liver

A

Immature. Metabolism decreased

34
Q

Children PK differences albumin

A

Low. Distribution higher for protein binding drugs

35
Q

Children PK differences kidneys

A

Immature. Excretion reduced, toxicity risk

36
Q

Children PK differences water concentration in body

A

Water concentration higher than adult. Important in water soluble drugs

37
Q

Children PK differences proportion of fat

A

Lower in child. Lower doses of lipophilic drugs required

38
Q

Infant growth - 3

A

Weight doubles 6 months, triples in a year
Length increases 50% in a year
Head grows fastest. Circumference increases 1.5 cm/month first 6 months, 0.5 cm/month 6-12 months

39
Q

Toddler growth

A

4-5 inches, 5 pounds

40
Q

Pre-school growth, age 2-5

A

4-5 pounds, 2.5 inches

41
Q

School age growth

A

Rapid growth trunk, limbs, in spurts

N393 - HOMEOSTASIS (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions