Final SG Flashcards
DNA
deoxyribose nucleic acid.
Is the hereditary material found in all cells. DNA is a chain of nucleotides, each a complex of three subunits: phosphoric acid (Phosphate), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base.
There are 4 possible bases
two are purines, Adenine and Guanine
two are pyrimidines, Thymine and Cytosine.
Chemist Edwin Chargaff determined that the number of purines always equals the number of pyrimidines, A=T and C=G.
DNA replication is considered semi-conservative because…
a new double-helix has one conserved old strand and one new strand: replication results in two DNA helices that are identical to each other and to the original molecule.
The process of using the information within a gene to synthesize a protein is called…
Gene Expression
Gene expression requires two processes:
transcription and translation.
during transcription
a portion of DNA serves as a template for messenger RNA (mRNA) formation in the nucleus
during translation
in the cytoplasm, the sequence of mRNA bases determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Transfer RNA (tRNA) assists mRNA during protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes. Translation requires three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Each triplet of nucleotides is called a…
codon, which codes for a particular amino acid to form a certain polypeptide.
Conservation Biology:
an interdisciplinary science with the explicit goal of protecting biodiversity and the Earth’s natural resources
Biodiversity:
the number of species found in a given area or ecosystem
Archaea
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
methanogens
Cyanobacteria:
photosynthetic bacteria that contain chlorophyll; form a symbiotic relationship with fungi in lichens
Types of Tissues:
Epithelial:
Connective:
Muscular:
Nervous:
Epithelial
tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer and has a protective function
Connective:
binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat
Muscular:
composed of cells called muscle fibers; contain actin and myosin filaments, whose interaction accounts for movement
Nervous:
contains nerve cells called neurons; present in the brain and spine
Blood,
a liquid connective tissue, is composed of plasma, red blood cells (bi-concave disk-shaped cells with a nuclei that transports oxygen), white blood cells (cells without a nucleus that fight infection), and platelets (fragments of large cells that form a plug that seals a damaged blood vessel)
Nerve Cells:
Neurons conduct nerve impulses. Neuroglia consist of cells (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) that support and nourish neutrons and have various functions.
Organ systems:
Integumentary: Cardiovascular: Lymphatic and Immune: Digestive: Respiratory: Urinary: Nervous: Musculoskeletal: Endocrine: Reproductive:
reproductive system
testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina: produces and transports gametes; in females, nurtures and gives birth to offspring
endocrine system
testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland: produces hormones, coordinates organ systems, regulates metabolism and stress responses; fluid and pH homeostasis
musculoskeletal system
bones, muscles: support and protection, assists in movement and posture, stores minerals, produces blood cells; produces heat
nervous system
brain and spinal cord: receives, processes, and stores sensory input; provides motor output; coordinates organ systems
urinary system
kidneys, urinary bladder; excretes metabolic wastes; pH and fluids homeostasis
respiratory system
lungs; exchanges gases at both lungs and tissues; pH homeostasis
digestive system
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas: ingests, digests, and processes food; absorbs nutrients and removes wastes; fluid homeostasis
lymphatic and immune system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen: defends against infectious diseases; fluid homeostasis
cardiovascular system
heart: transport system for nutrients and waste; temperature, pH, and fluid homeostasis
integumentary system
skin: protects the body; temperature homeostasis
> Epidermis: made of stratified squamous epithelium; melanocytes in the epidermis produce melanin, the main skin pigment that provides protection from solar UV radiation; epidermis contains keratin and prevents water loss;
Dermis: contains collagen and elastic fibers; prevents the skin from being torn
Subcutaneous layer: not part of the skin, but present between the skin and the underlying tissue; composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
