Final SG

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

deoxyribose nucleic acid.

Is the hereditary material found in all cells. DNA is a chain of nucleotides, each a complex of three subunits: phosphoric acid (Phosphate), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base.

Question 2

There are 4 possible bases

Answer 2

two are purines, Adenine and Guanine

two are pyrimidines, Thymine and Cytosine.

Chemist Edwin Chargaff determined that the number of purines always equals the number of pyrimidines, A=T and C=G.

Question 3

DNA replication is considered semi-conservative because…

Answer 3

a new double-helix has one conserved old strand and one new strand: replication results in two DNA helices that are identical to each other and to the original molecule.

Question 4

The process of using the information within a gene to synthesize a protein is called…

Answer 4

Gene Expression

Question 5

Gene expression requires two processes:

Answer 5

transcription and translation.

Question 6

during transcription

Answer 6

a portion of DNA serves as a template for messenger RNA (mRNA) formation in the nucleus

Question 7

during translation

Answer 7

in the cytoplasm, the sequence of mRNA bases determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Transfer RNA (tRNA) assists mRNA during protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes. Translation requires three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Question 8

Each triplet of nucleotides is called a…

Answer 8

codon, which codes for a particular amino acid to form a certain polypeptide.

Question 9

Conservation Biology:

Answer 9

an interdisciplinary science with the explicit goal of protecting biodiversity and the Earth’s natural resources

Question 10

Biodiversity:

Answer 10

the number of species found in a given area or ecosystem

Question 11

Archaea

Answer 11

Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
methanogens

Question 12

Cyanobacteria:

Answer 12

photosynthetic bacteria that contain chlorophyll; form a symbiotic relationship with fungi in lichens

Question 13

Types of Tissues:

Answer 13

Epithelial:
Connective:
Muscular:
Nervous:

Question 14

Epithelial

Answer 14

tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer and has a protective function

Question 15

Connective:

Answer 15

binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat

Question 16

Muscular:

Answer 16

composed of cells called muscle fibers; contain actin and myosin filaments, whose interaction accounts for movement

Question 17

Nervous:

Answer 17

contains nerve cells called neurons; present in the brain and spine

Question 18

Blood,

Answer 18

a liquid connective tissue, is composed of plasma, red blood cells (bi-concave disk-shaped cells with a nuclei that transports oxygen), white blood cells (cells without a nucleus that fight infection), and platelets (fragments of large cells that form a plug that seals a damaged blood vessel)

Question 19

Nerve Cells:

Answer 19

Neurons conduct nerve impulses. Neuroglia consist of cells (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) that support and nourish neutrons and have various functions.

Question 20

Organ systems:

Answer 20

Integumentary: 
Cardiovascular: 
Lymphatic and Immune: 
Digestive: 
Respiratory: 
Urinary:
Nervous:
Musculoskeletal:
Endocrine: 
Reproductive:

Question 21

reproductive system

Answer 21

testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina: produces and transports gametes; in females, nurtures and gives birth to offspring

Question 22

endocrine system

Answer 22

testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland: produces hormones, coordinates organ systems, regulates metabolism and stress responses; fluid and pH homeostasis

Question 23

musculoskeletal system

Answer 23

bones, muscles: support and protection, assists in movement and posture, stores minerals, produces blood cells; produces heat

Question 24

nervous system

Answer 24

brain and spinal cord: receives, processes, and stores sensory input; provides motor output; coordinates organ systems

Question 25

urinary system

Answer 25

kidneys, urinary bladder; excretes metabolic wastes; pH and fluids homeostasis

Question 26

respiratory system

Answer 26

lungs; exchanges gases at both lungs and tissues; pH homeostasis

Question 27

digestive system

Answer 27

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas: ingests, digests, and processes food; absorbs nutrients and removes wastes; fluid homeostasis

Question 28

lymphatic and immune system

Answer 28

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen: defends against infectious diseases; fluid homeostasis

Question 29

cardiovascular system

Answer 29

heart: transport system for nutrients and waste; temperature, pH, and fluid homeostasis

Question 30

integumentary system

Answer 30

skin: protects the body; temperature homeostasis

> Epidermis: made of stratified squamous epithelium; melanocytes in the epidermis produce melanin, the main skin pigment that provides protection from solar UV radiation; epidermis contains keratin and prevents water loss;
Dermis: contains collagen and elastic fibers; prevents the skin from being torn
Subcutaneous layer: not part of the skin, but present between the skin and the underlying tissue; composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue