Chapter 6 Flashcards
Explain the ATP - ADP - ATP process
When cells need energy, they “spend” ATP.
ATP carries energy between exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions.
Exergonic Reaction, involves hydrolysis, removes a phosphate molecule from ATP.
ATP is broken down to ADP + phosphate molecule.
Which then allows the free energy to work or drive other processes.
The phosphate molecule then reattaches to ADP through Endergonic Reaction to create ATP.
Differentiate between endogenic and exergonic reactions?
Exergonic Reaction: energy is released to the surroundings. The bonds being formed are stronger than the bonds being broken.
Endergonic Reaction: energy is absorbed from the surroundings. The bonds being formed are weaker than the bonds being broken.
How are endogenic and exergonic reactions related?
They both use ATP or some form of energy.
They are both chemical reactions dealing with heat
Explain the metabolic pathway using reactants/substrates, products, and enzymes in your answer
Metabolic pathways are a series of linked reactions.
Reactions do not occur haphazardly in cells.
They begin with a specific REACTANT (SUBSTRATE) and produce an end PRODUCT.
PRODUCTS of one reaction might be REACTANT of the next.
ENZYMES (typically proteins) speed up chemical reactions. They participate in chemical reactions with a SUBSTRATE, but are not used up by the reaction.
The SUBSTRATES and ENZYME fit together at the active site in such a way that the substrates react.
Following the reaction, the products are released, and the enzyme is free to act again.
What are the factors that influence enzymatic speed?
substrate concentration
temperature and pH
enzyme activation
enzyme inhibition
enzyme cofactors
Supporting evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from other organisms.
Both organelles are like bacteria in size and structure.
Both organelles are bounded by a double membrane.
- –The outer membrane may be derived from the engulfing vesicle.
- –The inner one may be derived from the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote.
Both organelles contain a limited amount of genetic material and divide by splitting.
—Their DNA is a circular loop like that of prokaryotes.
Although most of the proteins within these organelles are produced by the eukaryotic host, they have their own ribosomes and produce some proteins.
—Their ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes.
The RNA (ribonucleic acid) base sequence of the ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria also suggests a prokaryotic origin of these organelles.
