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LS 2 Final > Final: Sensory Systems: Ears Slides > Flashcards

Final: Sensory Systems: Ears Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for sensory cells

A

Receptor cells and modified neurons

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2
Q

Types of receptors (7)

A

Photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electroreceptors, magnetoreceptors

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3
Q

Function of sensory cells

A

Transduce physical or chemical stimuli into action potentials (convert signals into electrical activities)

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4
Q

Which types of receptors do humans have, and which do we lack?

A

Have: photo, mechano, chemo, thermo, nociceptors
Lack: electro, magneto

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5
Q

Photoreceptor function and location

A

Respond to light, found in eyes

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptor function and location

A

Convert their motion to electrical activity, found on skin and ears

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7
Q

Chemoreceptor function and location

A

Sense chemicals, can be internal (monitor pH/O2/CO2/etc. levels) or external (on tongue, nose, etc.)

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8
Q

Thermoreceptor function

A

Sense temperature

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9
Q

Nocicpetor function

A

Pain receptors

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10
Q

Electroreceptor function

A

Sense electrical fields (sharks have them)

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11
Q

Magnetoreceptor function

A

Sense magnetic fields (birds have them)

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12
Q

What is sound and how does it travel?

A

Vibration of air molecules; waves that dissipate as they travel

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13
Q

How can sound waves be characterized?

A

Amplitude (loudness) and frequency (pitch)

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14
Q

What organs does sound pass through as it’s transmitted (external to internal)?

A

Pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, stimulation of hair cells in cochlea, auditory nerve, relay to temporal lobe of brain

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15
Q

Pinna (oracle) structure and function

A

Shaped like funnel; directs sound into ear

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16
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Pinna and auditory canal

17
Q

Parts of middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum), malleus, incus, stapes

18
Q

Parts of inner ear

A

Cochlea (where hearing occurs)

19
Q

Function of ossicles

A

Amplifiers

20
Q

Cochlea basic structure

A

Bone filled with fluid, hard tissue, connects to auditory nerve

21
Q

Chambers of cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli, scala media/cochlear duct, scala tympani

22
Q

Which cochlea chambers contain which fluid?

A

Scala media contains endolymph, scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph

23
Q

What is the hearing apparatus and where is it located?

A

Organ of corti; located in scala media

24
Q

Membranes in organ of corti

A

Tectorial membrane (on top) and basilar membrane (where hair cells sit)

25
Q

Hair cell function

A

Mechanoreceptors that convert vibrational movement into electrical activity by forming synapses with sensory neurons (mechanical to electrical signal)

26
Q

Kinocilium vs stereocilia

A

Kinocilium is tallest cilia, stereocilia are all the other cilia

27
Q

Function of kinocilium

A

Point of direction when vibration occurs: depolarization when cell moves toward kinocilium, hyperpolarization when cell moves away from kinocilium

28
Q

What triggers stretch gated channels to open?

A

Movement; they open when there’s vibration

29
Q

Where are stretch gated channels located?

A

Between the cilia of hair cells

30
Q

What kind of electrical activity do hair cells have?

A

Graded potential (or receptor potential)

31
Q

What happens when hair cells are depolarized?

A

Cell moves towards kinocilium - stretch gated channels open - K+ ions enter - causes depol - activates voltage gated Ca chanels - triggers NT (glutamate) release - eventually cause action potential in afferent/sensory neuron

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in hair cell depolarization?

A

Glutamate

33
Q

What happens when hair cells are hyperpolarized?

A

Cell moves away from kinocilium - stretch gated channels close - voltage gated calcium channels do NOT open - no NT release, no signal

34
Q

Why does K+ enter instead of exit hair cells? (this is a SPECIAL CASE)

A

Endolymph fluid (surrounds hair cells) is rich in K+

35
Q

What is the neural pathway of hearing?

A

Cochlear nerve fibers synapse on neurons in cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata, signal sent to thalamus, information travels to auditory cortex of temporal lobe

36
Q

What are some accessory structures in the ear and what do they do?

A

Oval window, round window, structures of outer and middle ear; they ensure that hair cells can send signals

LS 2 Final (10 decks)

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