Final: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system functions

A
  1. Protect against infection and microbes (invasion of pathogens)
  2. Destroy pathogens that do enter the body
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2
Q

How can pathogens enter the body?

A

Openings (nose, mouth, etc.) or if skin gets cut

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3
Q

What are pathogens and where are they found?

A

Unwanted material; found literally everywhere

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4
Q

What are types of pathogens (5)?

A

Parasites (multicellular worms), bacteria (prokaryotes), protists (unicellular), fungi, virus (nonliving)

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5
Q

Types of immune response

A

Nonspecific (general, first response) and specific (specific to one pathogen)

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6
Q

Barriers to infection (3)

A

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, reflexes (sneeze, cough, etc.)

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7
Q

Examples of physical barriers (3)

A

Skin (best example), fibrous layer of eyes, mucous membranes (of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems, and of ears)

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8
Q

What makes skin a good physical barrier?

A

Outermost skin cells are essentially dead; they make so much keratin that they can’t function

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9
Q

Examples of chemical barriers (9)

A

Sebum, mucus, saliva, sweat, cilia, macrophages, lacrimal glands, wax, stomach acid

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10
Q

Sebum

A

Oily acidic substance released from sebaceous glands (skin); affects osmolarity of pathogens

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11
Q

Lysozymes

A

Enzymes secreted from the mucous membranes (found in tears, saliva, etc.)

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12
Q

Defensins

A

Peptides secreted from the mucous membranes (found in saliva, etc.)

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13
Q

Lymphoid tissue function

A

Clusters of organs that make immune cells (to be released to circulation) or are where immune cells are stationed

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14
Q

Examples of lymphoid tissues (7)

A

Adenoids, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels, bone marrow

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15
Q

What occurs in bone marrow?

A

Many types of immune cells grow, mature, and are released into the circulation

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16
Q

Immune cell function

A

Attack and destroy pathogens

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17
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Destroy pathogens through phagocytosis (most abundant phagocytic cells) and release cytokines, vasodilators, and chemotaxins

18
Q

Cytokine function

A

Increase alertness, recruit other immune cells

19
Q

Vasodilator function

A

Increase blood vessel diameter to make circulation easier (immune cells use blood vessels to travel)

20
Q

Chemotaxin function

A

Direct immune cells to site of need

21
Q

Difference between monocytes and macrophages

A

Monocytes when in circulation; macrophages are functional monocytes, once recruited and ready to attack

22
Q

Macrophage functions (2)

A

-Engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytose/endocytose)
-Activate T cells (by releasing cytokines)
(do these simultaneously: attack while calling for backup)

23
Q

Mast cell location

A

Throughout connective tissues (not in blood)

24
Q

Mast cell function

A

Release histamine (type of signal cytokine) and other chemicals to recruit immune cells - not in direct contact with pathogens

25
B lymphocyte functions (2)
- Transform into plasma cells and release antibodies into circulation - Form memory cells
26
How do antibodies help immune response?
Tag pathogens so other immune cells can destroy them
27
What are memory B cells?
Produce antibodies that remember specific pathogens for a faster, more efficient attack
28
Cytotoxic T cell functions
- Release perforin and granzymes directly into target cell | - Induce apoptosis by activating Fas receptor
29
Granzyme function
Digest or break down pathogen
30
General sequence of immune response (4 steps)
1. Phagocytosis and recruitment 2. Vasodilation and increase in permeability 3. Phagocytic cells migration 4. Tissue repair
31
What do injured cells release?
Chemotaxin (or chemoattractants), which attracts immune cells and tells them where to go
32
Why does swelling occur at site of injury?
Vasodilation means increased blood vessel permeability, so stuff normally supposed to be in blood vessel leaks to extracellular space
33
Which cells line blood vessels?
Endothelial cells
34
Effects of vasodilation (caused by histamine) (4)
- Increase in blood flow to infected areas - Redness - Increased protein delivery - Edema (swelling)
35
Margination
Macrophages en route to injury site match receptors with endothelial cells (so they know where to exist blood vessel)
36
What are the receptors and attachment process for cytokines and phagocytic cells?
Cytokines signal endothelial cells to express selectin; phagocytic cells produce integrin (facilitates attachment)
37
Diapedesis
Phagocytic cells move from blood to infected area (attracted to specific injury site by chemotaxins)
38
Steps of phagocytosis
1. Attachment (receptors match) 2. Internalization (phagosome fuses with lysosome) 3. Degradation in phagolysosome 4. Exocytosis - process of intracellular digestion/destruction
39
What is a phagolysosome?
Enzymes of lysosome fuse with phagosome
40
What is the process of attachment called in phagocytosis?
Opsonization (physical binding)
41
What is an example of extracellular destruction?
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) - complement system
42
How does MAC work?
Series of proteins that embed themselves on pathogen membrane surface, triggering event cascade of protein activation that leads to insertion of pores in pathogen membrane - pathogen cell swells as water and salt enter, and lysis (bursting) occurs