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LS 2 Final > Final: Circulatory System Slides > Flashcards

Final: Circulatory System Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Components of cardiovascular system

A

Closed system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system (3)

A
  • Heart pumps blood (to deliver it)
  • Blood vessels provide path for blood to travel
  • Blood carries nutrients to organs and picks up wastes
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3
Q

What does it mean the cardiovascular system is closed?

A

Blood always contained in the blood vessels; and the blood itself is not exchanged (only the contents)

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4
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Short distance; communication between heart and lungs; delivers deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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5
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Long distance; moves nutrients throughout the body; delivers oxygenated blood from heart to body

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6
Q

Blood coming to cells is _____ oxygenated and blood leaving cells is ____ oxygenated

A

Richly, poorly

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7
Q

Blood coming to lungs is _____ oxygenated and blood leaving lungs is _____ oxygenated

A

Poorly, richly

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8
Q

What happens when cardiac muscles of heart contract?

A

Blood physically ejected from heart as muscles work against a load/weight (the blood)

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9
Q

What are the atria?

A

Receiving chambers; where blood enters

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10
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Pumping chambers; blood leaves the heart from here to the blood vessels

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11
Q

What are valves?

A

Flaps of connective tissue that guide blood in the right direction in the heart; prevent blood from flowing backwards

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12
Q

Location of tricuspid valve

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

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13
Q

Location of bicuspid valve

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle

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14
Q

Location of pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Location of aortic semilunar valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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16
Q

Main blood vessels in heart (5)

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta

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17
Q

Superior vena cava function

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from all structures above diaphragm to the right atrium

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18
Q

Inferior vena cava function

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from all structures below diaphragm to right atrium

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19
Q

Pulmonary trunk function

A

Take deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs (branches off, one branch for each lung)

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20
Q

Pulmonary veins function

A

Bring back oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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21
Q

Aorta function

A

Deliver oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body (biggest blood vessel; delivers blood all over)

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22
Q

Path of blood through the heart

A

Poorly oxygenated blood from body enters heart through SVC or IVC - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar V - pulmonary trunk - lungs - richly oxygenated blood enters heart through pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - body (then repeat)

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23
Q

What is ventricular diastole? Which valves are open/closed?

A

Ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood

  • Bicuspid and tricuspid valves are open
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves are closed
24
Q

What do you hear in a heart beat?

A

Valves closing: first bicuspid and tricuspid, then aortic and pulmonary (one diastole and one systole)

25
Q

What is ventricular systole? Which valves are open/closed?

A

Ventricles contracting to eject blood

  • Bicuspid and tricuspid valves closed
  • Aortic and pulmonary valves open
26
Q

What initiates heart activity (how does it contract)?

A

Specialized pacemaker cells that generate their own electrical activities

27
Q

What structures of the heart do pacemaker activities go through (in order)?

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (starts process)
  2. Atroventricular node
  3. Bundle of His (reaches apex)
  4. Bundle of branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
28
Q

What direction do ventricles contract in?

A

Bottom to top

29
Q

Order of contraction

A

Atria then ventricles

30
Q

Location of sinoatrial node (SA)

A

Right atrium

31
Q

Location of atrioventricular node (AV)

A

Interatrial septum

32
Q

Location of bundle of His

A

Interventricular septum

33
Q

Location of Purkinje fibers

A

Ventricular walls

34
Q

How do right and left ventricles contract simultaneously?

A

Lots of gap junctions in cardiac muscle fibers (allow movement of action potentials)

35
Q

How do we know the heart is working properly?

A

Electrocardiogram (minimally invasive) used to record electrical activities of the heart

36
Q

How does an electrocardiogram work?

A

Patient connected to electrodes - EKG/ECG machine picks up collective action potential

37
Q

Parts of one trace of electrocardiogram

A

P wave: atria contraction/depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular contraction/depolarization
T wave: ventricular relaxation/repolarization

38
Q

Types of blood vessels (5) and order of flow after leaving heart

A

Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins

39
Q

Which structures correspond to which parts of ECG?

A

SA and AV: P wave
Bundle of His: dip before P wave
Purkinje fibers: QRS complex

40
Q

What are arteries?

A

Strong elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart and branch into smaller arterioles

41
Q

What are veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart, have thinner walls than arteries, branch into smaller venules

42
Q

Layers of arteries and veins (4)

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna/intima, lumen

43
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

Connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

44
Q

Tunica media structure and function

A

Made of smooth muscles; mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation

45
Q

Tunica interna/intima structure and function

A

Made of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium); provide smooth surface for blood to pass through (minimize friction)

46
Q

Structural differences between arteries and veins (3)

A

Arteries have smaller lumen and thicker tunica media; only veins have valves; arteries are high pressure because they receive blood directly from the heart

47
Q

Capillary function and structure

A

Smallest diameter blood vessels
Made of endothelial layer only; have slits (thinness facilitates gas diffusion/exchange)
Site of gas exchange with cells

48
Q

What is involved in microcirculation?

A

Arterioles (oxygen-rich), capillaries (gas exchange), venules (oxygen-poor)

49
Q

In [gas] exchange between capillaries and cells, which substances go where?

A

O2 and glucose go from capillary to cell, and CO2 goes from cell to capillary

50
Q

Veins have ___ ____ and therefore hold the majority of the blood

A

Low pressure

51
Q

How do skeletal muscles help veins return blood to the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction squeezes veins and helps them push blood back to heart (working against gravity)

52
Q

Blood composition

A

Fluid connective tissue made of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) suspended in plasma fluid

53
Q

Plasma composition

A

Water, proteins that exert osmotic pressure, minerals and electrolytes

54
Q

Plasma proteins (and their functions)

A

Albumins: transport proteins
Globulins: immune function
Fibrinogen: clotting function (minimize blood loss)

55
Q

Erythrocyte function and location of synthesis

A

Transport gases (O2, CO2) in body; produced in bone marrow

56
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A

Biconcave discs, lack organelles, short life span (~120 days), packed with hemoglobin (bound to iron); formation depends on folic acid and B12 vitamins

57
Q

What regulates erythrocytes?

A

Erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidney that acts on bone marrow to replace/release red blood cells as needed

LS 2 Final (10 decks)

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