Final: Circulatory System Slides

Question 1

Components of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Closed system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

Functions of cardiovascular system (3)

Answer 2

• Heart pumps blood (to deliver it)
• Blood vessels provide path for blood to travel
• Blood carries nutrients to organs and picks up wastes

Question 3

What does it mean the cardiovascular system is closed?

Answer 3

Blood always contained in the blood vessels; and the blood itself is not exchanged (only the contents)

Question 4

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 4

Short distance; communication between heart and lungs; delivers deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Question 5

Systemic circuit

Answer 5

Long distance; moves nutrients throughout the body; delivers oxygenated blood from heart to body

Question 6

Blood coming to cells is _____ oxygenated and blood leaving cells is ____ oxygenated

Answer 6

Richly, poorly

Question 7

Blood coming to lungs is _____ oxygenated and blood leaving lungs is _____ oxygenated

Answer 7

Poorly, richly

Question 8

What happens when cardiac muscles of heart contract?

Answer 8

Blood physically ejected from heart as muscles work against a load/weight (the blood)

Question 9

What are the atria?

Answer 9

Receiving chambers; where blood enters

Question 10

What are the ventricles?

Answer 10

Pumping chambers; blood leaves the heart from here to the blood vessels

Question 11

What are valves?

Answer 11

Flaps of connective tissue that guide blood in the right direction in the heart; prevent blood from flowing backwards

Question 12

Location of tricuspid valve

Answer 12

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 13

Location of bicuspid valve

Answer 13

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 14

Location of pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 14

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 15

Location of aortic semilunar valve

Answer 15

Between left ventricle and aorta

Question 16

Main blood vessels in heart (5)

Answer 16

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta

Question 17

Superior vena cava function

Answer 17

Bring deoxygenated blood from all structures above diaphragm to the right atrium

Question 18

Inferior vena cava function

Answer 18

Bring deoxygenated blood from all structures below diaphragm to right atrium

Question 19

Pulmonary trunk function

Answer 19

Take deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs (branches off, one branch for each lung)

Question 20

Pulmonary veins function

Answer 20

Bring back oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Question 21

Aorta function

Answer 21

Deliver oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body (biggest blood vessel; delivers blood all over)

Question 22

Path of blood through the heart

Answer 22

Poorly oxygenated blood from body enters heart through SVC or IVC - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar V - pulmonary trunk - lungs - richly oxygenated blood enters heart through pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - body (then repeat)

Question 23

What is ventricular diastole? Which valves are open/closed?

Answer 23

Ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood

• Bicuspid and tricuspid valves are open
• Aortic and pulmonary valves are closed

Question 24

What do you hear in a heart beat?

Answer 24

Valves closing: first bicuspid and tricuspid, then aortic and pulmonary (one diastole and one systole)

Question 25

What is ventricular systole? Which valves are open/closed?

Answer 25

Ventricles contracting to eject blood - Bicuspid and tricuspid valves closed - Aortic and pulmonary valves open

Question 26

What initiates heart activity (how does it contract)?

Answer 26

Specialized pacemaker cells that generate their own electrical activities

Question 27

What structures of the heart do pacemaker activities go through (in order)?

Answer 27

1. Sinoatrial node (starts process) 2. Atroventricular node 3. Bundle of His (reaches apex) 4. Bundle of branches 5. Purkinje fibers

Question 28

What direction do ventricles contract in?

Answer 28

Bottom to top

Question 29

Order of contraction

Answer 29

Atria then ventricles

Question 30

Location of sinoatrial node (SA)

Answer 30

Right atrium

Question 31

Location of atrioventricular node (AV)

Answer 31

Interatrial septum

Question 32

Location of bundle of His

Answer 32

Interventricular septum

Question 33

Location of Purkinje fibers

Answer 33

Ventricular walls

Question 34

How do right and left ventricles contract simultaneously?

Answer 34

Lots of gap junctions in cardiac muscle fibers (allow movement of action potentials)

Question 35

How do we know the heart is working properly?

Answer 35

Electrocardiogram (minimally invasive) used to record electrical activities of the heart

Question 36

How does an electrocardiogram work?

Answer 36

Patient connected to electrodes - EKG/ECG machine picks up collective action potential

Question 37

Parts of one trace of electrocardiogram

Answer 37

P wave: atria contraction/depolarization QRS complex: ventricular contraction/depolarization T wave: ventricular relaxation/repolarization

Question 38

Types of blood vessels (5) and order of flow after leaving heart

Answer 38

Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins

Question 39

Which structures correspond to which parts of ECG?

Answer 39

SA and AV: P wave Bundle of His: dip before P wave Purkinje fibers: QRS complex

Question 40

What are arteries?

Answer 40

Strong elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart and branch into smaller arterioles

Question 41

What are veins?

Answer 41

Carry blood back to the heart, have thinner walls than arteries, branch into smaller venules

Question 42

Layers of arteries and veins (4)

Answer 42

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna/intima, lumen

Question 43

What is the tunica externa?

Answer 43

Connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

Question 44

Tunica media structure and function

Answer 44

Made of smooth muscles; mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 45

Tunica interna/intima structure and function

Answer 45

Made of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium); provide smooth surface for blood to pass through (minimize friction)

Question 46

Structural differences between arteries and veins (3)

Answer 46

Arteries have smaller lumen and thicker tunica media; only veins have valves; arteries are high pressure because they receive blood directly from the heart

Question 47

Capillary function and structure

Answer 47

Smallest diameter blood vessels Made of endothelial layer only; have slits (thinness facilitates gas diffusion/exchange) Site of gas exchange with cells

Question 48

What is involved in microcirculation?

Answer 48

Arterioles (oxygen-rich), capillaries (gas exchange), venules (oxygen-poor)

Question 49

In [gas] exchange between capillaries and cells, which substances go where?

Answer 49

O2 and glucose go from capillary to cell, and CO2 goes from cell to capillary

Question 50

Veins have ___ ____ and therefore hold the majority of the blood

Answer 50

Low pressure

Question 51

How do skeletal muscles help veins return blood to the heart?

Answer 51

Skeletal muscle contraction squeezes veins and helps them push blood back to heart (working against gravity)

Question 52

Blood composition

Answer 52

Fluid connective tissue made of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) suspended in plasma fluid

Question 53

Plasma composition

Answer 53

Water, proteins that exert osmotic pressure, minerals and electrolytes

Question 54

Plasma proteins (and their functions)

Answer 54

Albumins: transport proteins Globulins: immune function Fibrinogen: clotting function (minimize blood loss)

Question 55

Erythrocyte function and location of synthesis

Answer 55

Transport gases (O2, CO2) in body; produced in bone marrow

Question 56

Erythrocyte structure

Answer 56

Biconcave discs, lack organelles, short life span (~120 days), packed with hemoglobin (bound to iron); formation depends on folic acid and B12 vitamins

Question 57

What regulates erythrocytes?

Answer 57

Erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidney that acts on bone marrow to replace/release red blood cells as needed