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LS 2 Final > Final: Animal Hormones Slides > Flashcards

Final: Animal Hormones Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system structure and function

A

Major communication system, consists of many glands located throughout body

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2
Q

What do glands do?

A

Release hormones that act as chemical messengers

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3
Q

How do hormones get to their target cell(s)?

A

Use the blood as a medium of transport (long distance travel)

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4
Q

Difference between major and mixed/secondary/accessory glands

A

Only function of major glands is to release hormones; mixed glands release hormones but have other functions

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5
Q

Name the major glands (8)

A

Hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads

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6
Q

Name the minor glands (5)

A

Thymus, heart, stomach, kidneys, small intestine

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7
Q

What does a receiving cell need to respond to a hormone?

A

the right (matching) receptor

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8
Q

Main chemical (structural) difference between peptides and steroids

A

Peptides: amino acid sequences; large; cannot permeate into cell
Steroids: modified from cholesterol; can permeate into cell

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9
Q

Receptor location for peptides and steroids

A

Extracellular for peptides (on cell membrane), Intracellular for steroids (inside cell)

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10
Q

How are peptides and steroids synthesized?

A

Peptides made in rough ER, ribosomes, and Golgi

Steroids made in smooth ER and mitochondria

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11
Q

How are peptides and steroids secreted?

A

Peptides secreted by exocytosis

Steroids secreted by simple diffusion (they’re lipophilic so can cross the membrane)

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12
Q

Steps in peptide synthesis

A
  1. Start as preprohormones in ribosomes and RER
  2. Get converted to prohormones (packaged in Golgi as prohormones)
  3. Become actual active hormones once released
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13
Q

How do peptides and steroids travel in the blood?

A

Blood is mostly water: Peptides don’t need carrier protein but steroids do (bc lipids don’t mix with water)

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14
Q

What is the third class of hormones?

A

Amines, which are modified single amino acids

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15
Q

Mechanisms of steroid action on target cell(s)

A

Binds to receptor inside cell (could be in nucleus or cytoplasm) - hormone receptor complex binds to DNA on HRE - activates/deactivates genes - affects mRNA and then protein synthesis - physiological response

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16
Q

What is the hormone response element (HRE)?

A

Binding site for hormone receptor complex on DNA

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17
Q

Mechanisms of peptide action on target cell(s)

A

Bind to extracellular receptor - activate G protein - activate adenylyl cyclase and cAMP synthesis - start protein kinase cascade - brings about cellular response

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18
Q

Main difference in effect of steroids and peptides

A

Peptides are faster than steroids bc they mostly activate local responses in local proteins, but steroids cause major changes bc they mess with DNA

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19
Q

Mechanisms of hormonal secretion

A

Humoral, neural, hormonal

20
Q

How does the humoral mechanism work? Give an example.

A

Measures some factor in the blood
Example: always need homeostatic level of Ca2+ - what if calcium levels are low?
-Receptor and control center: parathyroid gland
-Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to restore calcium levels to normal (Ca2+ comes from bones)

21
Q

How does the neural mechanism work? Give an example.

A

Controlled by nervous system
Example: Input from sympathetic NS causes release of epinephrine (amine) from adrenal medulla (in adrenal gland); has lots of target cells

22
Q

How does the hormonal mechanism work?

A

Gland releases hormone A, which triggers release of hormone B, and so on until response achieved

23
Q

Another name for the hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

24
Q

Importance of hypophysis

A

Produces 8 hormones that are essential to survival

25
Q

Structure of hypophysis and what are parts made of

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis; in front, made of epithelial tissue) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis; in back, made of neurons)

26
Q

Hormones released by neurohypophysis and their target(s) (2)

A
  • Vasopressin/ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), targets kidney tubules
  • Oxytocin, targets uterus and mammary glands
27
Q

Function of neurohypophysis

A

Paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that are stored int he terminals for later release

28
Q

Function of ADH

A

Minimize water loss

29
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Released in females during labor (induces smooth muscle contraction) and lactation (release of milk); function in males not exactly known

30
Q

Hormones released by adenohypophysis (6)

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
31
Q

Function and targets of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

FSH targets testes in males, LH targets ovaries in females; produce gametes and sex hormones

32
Q

Function and target of prolactin (PRL)

A

Targets mammary glands; produces milk

33
Q

Function and target of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Targets thyroid; increases rate of metabolism

34
Q

Function and target of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Targets adrenal cortex; helps body cope with stress

35
Q

Function and target of growth hormone (GH)

A

Targets muscles, liver bonds (almost everywhere); promotes growth

36
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary and how?

A

Hypothalamus, by secreting hypophysiotropic hormones (releasing hormones)

37
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus (6)

A
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Somatostatin (SS)
38
Q

Which hypothalamus-released hormones are negative and which are positive controls?

A

Negative: dopamine (DA) and somatostatin (SS)
Positive: gonadotropin RH (GnRH), thyrotropin RH (TRH), corticotropin RH (CRH), growth hormone RH (GHRH)

39
Q

Which hormone does dopamine (DA) regulate?

A

Prolactin (PRL); negative control

40
Q

Which hormones does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) regulate?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH); positive control

41
Q

Which hormone does thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) regulate?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); positive control

42
Q

Which hormone does corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) regulate?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); positive control

43
Q

Which hormone do growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS) regulate?

A

Growth hormone (GH); GHRH is positive and SS is negative

44
Q

Steps in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis when cortisol levels are low

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes CRH
  2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH
  3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
  4. Cortisol increases plasma concentration of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
45
Q

Functions of cortisol (7)

A
  • Increase fuel (glucose) availability to brain (good)
  • Gluconeogensis: convert amino/fatty acids to glucose (good)
  • Lypolytic hormone: induces fat breakdown (good)
  • Anti-inflammatory effects: suppresses immune system function (bad)
  • Impedes memory function (bad)
  • Proteolytic hormone: breaks down proteins (bad)
  • Prevents growth (bad)
46
Q

What is stress in the body?

A

Threat to homeostasis

LS 2 Final (10 decks)

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