Final Revision

Question 1

What are the fundamental units of plant life?

Answer 1

Plant cells

Distinct from animal cells due to their rigid cell walls made of cellulose.

Question 2

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Answer 2

Site of photosynthesis

Enables plants to convert sunlight into energy.

Question 3

What does the nucleus of a plant cell control?

Answer 3

Cell activities and contains DNA

Question 4

What is the role of mitochondria in plant cells?

Answer 4

Generate ATP for energy

Question 5

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

Answer 5

Stores nutrients and maintains turgor pressure

Question 6

What do the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 6

Involved in protein and lipid transport

Question 7

What regulates what enters and exits the plant cell?

Answer 7

Plasma membrane

Question 8

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 8

Allow communication between plant cells

Question 9

What are the main parts of a flower?

Answer 9

• Sepal
• Petal
• Stamen (anther + filament)
• Carpel (stigma, style, ovary)

Question 10

What is the first step in the fertilisation process of plants?

Answer 10

Pollination: Pollen lands on the stigma

Question 11

What occurs during pollen tube formation?

Answer 11

Pollen tube grows through the style to the ovary

Question 12

What is double fertilisation in plants?

Answer 12

• One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote
• The other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) endosperm

Question 13

What is a superior ovary?

Answer 13

Ovary is above the attachment of other floral parts

Question 14

What is a dioecious flower?

Answer 14

Male & female flowers on separate plants (e.g., holly)

Question 15

What is vernalisation?

Answer 15

Cold exposure induces flowering

Question 16

What are the parts of a seed?

Answer 16

• Embryo
• Cotyledon(s)
• Radicle
• Hypocotyl
• Epicotyl
• Seed coat

Question 17

What distinguishes endospermic seeds from non-endospermic seeds?

Answer 17

• Endospermic: Seeds contain endosperm as a food reserve (e.g., wheat)
• Non-Endospermic: Food reserves stored in cotyledons (e.g., beans)

Question 18

What is the first step of germination?

Answer 18

Imbibition: Seed absorbs water and swells

Question 19

What activates enzymes and hormones during germination?

Answer 19

Water

Question 20

What stimulates the aleurone layer in endospermic seeds?

Answer 20

Gibberellic Acid (GA3)

Question 21

What breaks down starch into sugars in endospermic seeds?

Answer 21

Alpha-amylase

Question 22

What is innate dormancy?

Answer 22

Genetic dormancy, preventing germination even in favourable conditions

Question 23

What are two types of dormancy?

Answer 23

• Innate Dormancy
• Induced Dormancy

Question 24

What natural factors can break dormancy?

Answer 24

• Temperature fluctuations
• Light exposure
• Microbial action

Question 25

What is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination?

Answer 25

* Epigeal: Cotyledons emerge above soil (e.g., beans) * Hypogeal: Cotyledons remain underground (e.g., peas)

Question 26

What is the vascular cambium?

Answer 26

A lateral meristem that develops between primary xylem and phloem

Question 27

What does the vascular cambium produce?

Answer 27

* Secondary xylem (wood) inward * Secondary phloem outward

Question 28

What are the main functions of xylem and phloem?

Answer 28

* Xylem: Transports water & minerals from roots to shoots * Phloem: Transports sugars and organic compounds

Question 29

What hormone promotes cell elongation?

Answer 29

Auxins

Question 30

What do cytokinins stimulate?

Answer 30

Cell division and lateral bud growth

Question 31

What is the effect of gibberellins (GAs)?

Answer 31

Promote stem elongation, seed germination, flowering

Question 32

What does abscisic acid (ABA) regulate?

Answer 32

Seed dormancy and stomatal closure

Question 33

What influences fruit ripening?

Answer 33

Ethylene

Question 34

What is apical dominance?

Answer 34

Auxins inhibit lateral bud growth

Question 35

What effect does pruning have on plants?

Answer 35

Enhances branching by removing the dominant apical bud

Question 36

What abiotic factors affect plant growth?

Answer 36

* Light * Temperature * Humidity

Question 37

What are macronutrients essential for plant health?

Answer 37

* Nitrogen * Phosphorus * Potassium

Question 38

What happens in acidic soils (pH < 6)?

Answer 38

Reduces phosphorus availability

Answer 39

Use Diagrams

Question 40

What is an effective learning method involving teaching others?

Answer 40

Active Recall

Question 41

Fill in the blank: _______ can help you focus on weak areas.

Answer 41

Flashcards