Final Final Revision

Question 1

What are the main organelles found in a cell?

Answer 1

Cell wall, vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondria

These organelles perform essential functions within the cell.

Question 2

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 2

Provides rigidity and structure to the cell

Question 3

What does the vacuole store?

Answer 3

Water, nutrients, and solutes

It is responsible for cell turgidity.

Question 4

What is the role of the cell membrane?

Answer 4

Regulates what enters and exits the cell

Question 5

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 5

A jelly-like substance that suspends organelles

Question 6

What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

Answer 6

Sites of photosynthesis

Question 7

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 7

DNA and nucleolus

It is the main structure for genetic information.

Question 8

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 8

Mitochondria

Question 9

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 9

Pores in the cell wall that connect adjoining cells

Question 10

What is the shoot apical meristem?

Answer 10

A region of actively dividing cells at the top of the stem

Question 11

What does ‘apical’ refer to in the context of meristem?

Answer 11

The top or main growing point

Question 12

What type of growth is provided by the apical meristem?

Answer 12

Primary growth, which is upward growth

Question 13

What characterizes the cells in the apical meristem?

Answer 13

Small, densely packed, actively dividing cells

Question 14

What happens in the zone of differentiation?

Answer 14

Cells begin to take on specific roles within the stem

Question 15

What do axillary buds provide?

Answer 15

Lateral growth

Question 16

What hormone promotes cell elongation?

Answer 16

Auxin

It is produced in young leaves and the apical meristem.

Question 17

What happens when the apical meristem is removed?

Answer 17

Cytokinins become more dominant, promoting lateral growth

Question 18

What is apical dominance?

Answer 18

The phenomenon where the apical meristem inhibits the growth of axillary buds

Question 19

What effect does high light intensity have on plant growth?

Answer 19

Promotes auxin production, leading to more upward growth

Question 20

What hormone is produced in low light levels?

Answer 20

Gibberellic acid

It promotes stem elongation and can lead to leggy plants.

Question 21

What is etiolation?

Answer 21

The condition of plants growing long and spindly due to low light

Question 22

What is the role of gibberellins in high temperatures?

Answer 22

Increase stem elongation and faster cell division

Question 23

What is vernalization?

Answer 23

The process by which a period of cold initiates flowering

Question 24

What is the difference between monocot and dicot stems?

Answer 24

Monocot stems have vascular bundles randomly arranged; dicot stems have them arranged in a circle

Question 25

What is the function of xylem?

Answer 25

Moves water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves

Question 26

What does phloem transport?

Answer 26

Products of photosynthesis and nutrients in any direction around the plant

Question 27

What is secondary thickening?

Answer 27

The process where vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem, thickening the stem

Question 28

What is the role of vascular cambium in plant growth?

Answer 28

Vascular cambium joins neighboring vascular bundles to create a continuous ring of cambium that can actively divide.

Question 29

What happens during the second year of plant growth involving vascular cambium?

Answer 29

The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside, leading to secondary thickening or growth.

Question 30

What is the function of the cork cambium?

Answer 30

Cork cambium produces new cork cells that form a protective, water-resistant layer around the stem.

Question 31

What occurs if new cork is not produced during secondary thickening?

Answer 31

The epidermis would crack and burst open, exposing internal structures.

Question 32

What are the collective terms for the female and male parts of a flower?

Answer 32

Pistil for female parts and stamen for male parts.

Question 33

What is the function of the anther in a flower?

Answer 33

The anther produces pollen.

Question 34

What role does the stigma play during fertilization?

Answer 34

The stigma receives pollen during the fertilization process.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The ovary develops into the _______.

Answer 35

fruit

Question 36

What is the process of vernalization?

Answer 36

A cold period that initiates flower formation by changing apical meristem buds from leaf buds to flowering buds.

Question 37

How does photoperiodism affect flowering in plants?

Answer 37

Different lengths of light exposure can either suppress or promote flower bud initiation.

Question 38

What occurs when pollen lands on the stigma?

Answer 38

The pollen germinates and grows a pollen tube down through the style.

Question 39

What is double fertilization in plants?

Answer 39

A process where one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, and the other fertilizes two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Question 40

What does the zygote develop into after fertilization?

Answer 40

The zygote develops into the embryo.

Question 41

What is the function of the endosperm?

Answer 41

The endosperm serves as a food resource for the developing seed.

Question 42

What are the three main structures that develop from the embryo?

Answer 42

* Plumule (shoot) * Epicotyl * Radical (root)

Question 43

What is the difference between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds?

Answer 43

* Endospermic seeds retain endosperm as storage tissue * Non-endospermic seeds use endosperm to develop fleshy cotyledons

Question 44

What is innate dormancy in seeds?

Answer 44

Dormancy that is under genetic control, often diminishing after the seeds are shed from the plant.

Question 45

Fill in the blank: After ripening is the process where seeds can germinate after a period of _______.

Answer 45

detachment

Question 46

What is hard seededness?

Answer 46

A condition where seeds have impermeable testa that prevent germination.

Question 47

What causes induced or enforced dormancy in seeds?

Answer 47

Lack of specific environmental conditions such as water, oxygen, light, or suitable temperature.

Question 48

What is the primary root or embryonic root called?

Answer 48

Radical

Question 49

What is the transitional structure between the root and stem called?

Answer 49

Hypocotyl

Question 50

What is the term for the embryonic shoot or leaves?

Answer 50

Plumule

Question 51

What is enforced dormancy in seeds?

Answer 51

Enforced dormancy occurs when seeds cannot germinate due to unfavorable environmental conditions such as lack of water, oxygen, light, or unsuitable temperatures. ## Footnote These conditions prevent the activation of metabolic pathways necessary for germination.

Question 52

What triggers induced dormancy?

Answer 52

Induced dormancy, also known as secondary dormancy, occurs when seeds have met the conditions for innate and enforced dormancy but still do not germinate. ## Footnote This type of dormancy can be difficult to break even under favorable conditions.

Question 53

What are the three types of dormancy in seeds?

Answer 53

* Innate dormancy * Enforced dormancy * Induced dormancy

Question 54

What are natural processes that can break seed dormancy?

Answer 54

* Abrasion by soil * Fire * Freezing * Leaching of inhibitors * Digestive acids * Bacteria * Soil disturbance

Question 55

What are some human-induced methods to break seed dormancy?

Answer 55

* Scarification * Heat treatment * Stratification (cold and warm periods) * Soaking in water * Acid treatment

Question 56

What is the first step in the process of germination?

Answer 56

Water imbibition, where the seed coat softens to allow water into the seed. ## Footnote The seed coat must be soft enough for water to enter through the micropyle.

Question 57

What hormone is produced after water enters the seed during germination?

Answer 57

Gibberellic acid. ## Footnote This hormone is crucial for initiating the germination process.

Question 58

What enzyme is produced when gibberellic acid reacts with the aleurone layer?

Answer 58

Alpha amylase.

Question 59

What does alpha amylase do during germination?

Answer 59

Breaks down starch in the endosperm into sugar, which is then absorbed by the cotyledon or scutellum. ## Footnote This sugar is used for respiration and powers cell division.

Question 60

What is the role of respiration in seed germination?

Answer 60

Respiration releases energy that powers cell division and growth of the embryo.

Question 61

What are the main storage compounds in non-endospermic seeds?

Answer 61

* Starches * Oils * Proteins

Question 62

What enzymes are involved in breaking down storage compounds in non-endospermic seeds?

Answer 62

* Amylases (starches) * Lipases (oils) * Proteases (proteins)

Question 63

What is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination?

Answer 63

Epigeal germination: cotyledons emerge above the soil; Hypogeal germination: cotyledons remain below the soil.

Question 64

Fill in the blank: In epigeal germination, the cotyledons are _______.

Answer 64

[above the soil]

Question 65

Fill in the blank: In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons are _______.

Answer 65

[below the soil]