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kinesiology > final revision > Flashcards

final revision Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the knee

A

femur
tibia
fibula
patella/kneecap

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2
Q

longest bone that transmits weight to the legs

A

femur

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3
Q

largest sesamoid bone

A

patella

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4
Q

knee joints

A

tibiofemoral
patellofemoral
superior tibiofibular

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5
Q

meniscus

A

lateral meniscus
medial meniscus

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6
Q

why dislocation on knee joint is very rare.

A

because of support given by the meniscus

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7
Q

medial meniscus

A

crescent shaped and open faces laterally

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8
Q

lateral meniscus

A

oval and its opening faces medially

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9
Q

what type of structures are meniscus?

A

they are avascular structures.

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10
Q

about meniscus

A

innervated by nerves from capsular plexus but lack vein except for 1/3 of its outer part. so there is pain in meniscus but no intraarticular bleeding and no spontaneous healing observed.

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11
Q

tasks of meniscus

A

=smoothness and increases width
=stability of joints by increasing contact surface of tibia
=shock absorption
= prevent flexion that may occur during movement and provides lubrication

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12
Q

bursae

A

synovial sacs aimed at reducing friction between bones and tendons.

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13
Q

main ligaments of the knee

A

anterior cruciate ligaments
posterior cruciate ligaments
medial collateral ligaments
lateral collateral ligaments
patella ligament

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14
Q

the strongest ligament on the knee

A

patella ligament

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15
Q

about MCL and LCL

A

They are tense while knee is in extension as to ensure lateral stability and they are loose when in flexion

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16
Q

about PCL and ACL

A

prevent excessive rotation of the knee.
when they are loosen in flexion, forward displacement is prevented by ACL and rear displacement by PCL.

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17
Q

what percentage of stability does PCL provide towards the back?

A

90

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18
Q

which ligament prevent tibia from displacing forward under femur?

A

ACL

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19
Q

Knee biomechanics

A

flexion-extension
internal - external rotation as important movements
least important movements include compression-distraction and medial - lateral translation.

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20
Q

screw home mechanism

A

also known as auger shaped movement
is the rotation between tibia and femur, the mechanism serves as critical function of the knee and is key element to knee stability for standing upright.

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21
Q

valgite angle

A

171 btn anatomical axis of femur and tibia

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22
Q

muscles of knee and functions

A

rectus femoris = extends the knee/ pulls patella outwards + flex thigh
vastus medialis= prevent patella from sliding to the outer side
hamstrings/gracilis/sartorius +popliteus= flexors

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23
Q

which muscle or group of muscles participate in knee flexion and internal rotation as well as support knee against valgus stress

A

sartorius, gracillis and semitendinosus [goose’s foot/pes anserinus]

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24
Q

rotation at the knee

A

performed after 30-degree flexion around vertical axis passing middle of concave surface of medial condyle of tibia.
at 90-degree flexion
40 ext
30 internal

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25
Q

what is Q angle?

A

angle between line drawn from anterior superior iliac spine to the midpoint of patella and from patella to tibial tubercle.

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26
Q

genu varum and valgum

A

varum q angle below and valgum above

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27
Q

anteversion

A

internal rotation gait, to keep the head in acetabulum.
if excess Q angle increases, subtalar goes to excess pronation and increases lumbar lordosis.

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28
Q

retroversion

A

external rotation gait, Q angle decreases and supination increases. transverse axis of knee is parallel to hip.

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29
Q

gravity center of the body

A

2nd sacral vertebra

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30
Q

genu valgum

A

=narrow valgite angle
=congenital, metabolic diseases
=has effect on static conditions.
=if child put weight on medial tibial plateau hypertrophy occurs on medial tibial and atrophy on lateral part
=muscle shortness [TFL and v.lateralis
=as result of prolonged tension MCL will loosen and no adduction
=if one side shortness the person bends knee or bring it to valgus to compensate
=if not sever lateral force can correct it

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31
Q

genu varum

A

it leads to more serious biomechanical problems and severe pain in the knee.
evaluated at loading because stress is eliminated while resting and deformity will appear lighter.

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32
Q

genu recurvatum

A

=due to imbalance between muscles
=hyperextension up to 10-degrees is normal.
=increase angle of the pineal plaque of tibia

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33
Q

tibial torsion

A

inability to complete external torsion of tibia

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34
Q

knee bursitis

A

inflammation of bursae
examples
popliteal cyst
prepatellar bursitis

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35
Q

patella femoral pain

A

=characterized by erosions of articular cartilage to underlying bone.
=anterior knee pain that increases with activity
=often bilateral
=going down the stairs or hills pain occurs
=pain located in peripatellar and spreads to the medial and lateral retinaculums.

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36
Q

false locks

A

patella induced locks.
they disappear quickly.

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37
Q

osteochondritis dissecans

A

=process that begins with deterioration of the blood supply of the bone under the articular cartilage in certain part of any joint
which turns into dead bone [necrosis].
=it can end into degenerative arthritis.
=can occur in any joint but common in the knee joint.
=common in men

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38
Q

position pelvis is always at

A

oblique position

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39
Q

bones of pelvis

A

ilium
pubis
ischium

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40
Q

ligaments of pelvis

A

Sacro spinal ligament
Sacro tuberous ligament

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41
Q

pelvis movements [foot on the air]

A

=anterior n posterior tilt
=right left lateral tilt
=right to left tilt

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42
Q

pelvis movements [foot on the ground]

A

closed kinematics motion.

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43
Q

muscles for anterior tilt

A

hip flexors=iliopsoas rectus femoris
waist extensors=erector spinae

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44
Q

posterior tilt muscles

A

abdominal muscles=rectus abdominis
hip extensors=hamstrings and gluteus maximus

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45
Q

lateral tilt muscles

A

left and right quadratus lumborum
hip abductors

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46
Q

inclination angle

A

angle between femoral neck and femoral body in frontal plane

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47
Q

anteversion angle

A

angle between longitudinal axis of femoral neck and line connecting posterior femoral condyles in transverses plane.

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48
Q

kinematics relations between knee and hip

A

for max flex-ext = hip 5 abd
hamstring tension at 90 knee flex =hip flex limited at 90

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49
Q

lumbopelvic rhythm [LPR]

A

kinematics relationship between lumbar spine and hip joints in sagittal plane
opposite direction=grabbing with your hands something from up
same direction= pelvic tilt example when picking up a box from the ground

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50
Q

inclusion angle disorders

A

coxa Valga angle is greater than 125.
coxa Vara angle less than 125

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51
Q

coxa vara

A

congenital
acquired causes.
metabolic bone diseases
slippage of pineal plaque
normal anteversion angle decreases or takes -ve value

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52
Q

coxa valga

A

congenital causes
femoral inclination angle increases
anteversion angle increases
stress of shredding reduced

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53
Q

transverse plane deformities

A

anteversion=introverted walking
retroversion=extroverted walking

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54
Q

congenital hip dislocation

A

presence of femoral head outside acetabulum as a result of anomalies of the soft tissues around the joints

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55
Q

intrinsic balance of the spine

A

the tension stress of the ligaments ensures the tight connection of the vertebrae to each other and create continuity in the spine.
=intervertebral disc help maintaining intrinsic balance
=it is caused by combination of elastic tension resistance of the ligaments and elastic pressure resistance of the disc

56
Q

ligaments of spine

A

anterior longitudinal ligaments= prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
posterior longitudinal= prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column
ligamentum flavum= maintain upright posture
supraspinous = flexion

57
Q

spinal stability

A

=instability increases with degeneration
= vertebral column is capable of reacting to forces coming from different direction at same time.
=restructuring is tried to be achieved with fibrous tissue and/or osteophyte changes

58
Q

segmental loads

A

axial compression
bending
torsion
shear

59
Q

axial compression

A

=occurs as a result of reactions of ligaments to gravity, ground reaction forces, muscle contraction tensile forces.
=anterior segment can lift more loads. overflows are frequent posteriorly.
=compression in the disc causes tension in the annulus, angular changes in fibers and stability increases

60
Q

bending

A

=combination of shear. compression and tension force
=during bending posterior annulus resist while anterior compressive force on the posterior longitudinal ligament, capsule and anterior segments cause displacement [protrusion] of the disc

61
Q

torsion

A

formed by axial rotation and combination of several movements.
=stiffness may occur in some movements due to joint compression; flexion increases torsional hardness in L3-4

62
Q

shear

A

force exerted by opposing force on the same point
=if there is wear on the disc, an injury occurs

63
Q

flexion

A

tension force is on the posterior longitudinal ligament.

64
Q

extension

A

nucleus pulposus moves anterior direction

65
Q

lateral flexion

A

tension force on convex side, compression force on concave side

66
Q

cervical spine

A

has foramen transversarium.
=C1-2 * rotation function+ flexion extension
=more spinal cord injuries on upper cervical because of narrow canal
=C1atlas-no real spinous process
=C2axis-has dens
=C7*has longest spinous process
=ligaments include internal and external craniocervical [connects atlas and axis] + vertebral ligament

67
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

provides an adhesion site for the muscles.

68
Q

tectorial membrane

A

=located in the vertebral canal
=continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament
=covers ligaments and dens. acting as additional protector at junction site of medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata

69
Q

joint where flexion- extension of the head take place.

A

atlanto-occipital joint

70
Q

rotation of the head takes place at

A

atlanto-axial joint

71
Q

muscles of anterolateral region

A

1]platysma=draws the skin around the lower part of mouth down or out
2]sternocleidomastoid= flexes the neck and extends head
3] hyoid muscle =swallowing and speech
4]scalene= elevates 1st rib

72
Q

most mobile part of spine

A

cervical vertebrae

73
Q

most basic element in cervical stability

A

transverse ligament

74
Q

most common site of cancer metastases but least common for musculoskeletal system

A

thoracic region

75
Q

most load bearing part of skeletal sytem

A

lumbar

76
Q

sitting and standing

A

the loose and unsupported sitting position that puts the most strain on the waist.
in the loose standing position. lumbar lordosis should be normal

77
Q

Whiplash injury

A

type of neck injury usually a hypertension but can also occur with sudden hyperflexion

78
Q

cervical spondylosis

A

degeneration. Osteophyte formation and intervertebral disc disorder occurring in cervical

79
Q

thoracic lumbar pathomechanics

A

inflammation
disc herniation
articular pathologies
thoracic outlet syndrome
structural pathologies

80
Q

Scheuermann’s juvenile kyphosis

A

a growth age disease characterized by increase in dorsal kyphosis and an increase lumbar lordosis occurring in juvenile period.

81
Q

ratio of carpal. Metacarpal and fingers

A

2;3;5 thus the hand is the forefront of mobile

82
Q

bones of the hand

A

ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpal
phalanxes

83
Q

movements that occurs more on he hands

A

=flexion-extension than radial-ulnar deviation
=extension is more limited than flexion
=radial deviation associated with flexion of the hand
=ulnar deviation associated with extension of the hand

84
Q

flexor zones of the hand Zon V

A

=Zon V * containing musculotendinous compound on distal part of the arm
medial and ulnar artery injuries and nerve injuries can be seen

85
Q

flexor zone 4

A

level of Carpal tunnel
the tendons have synovial sheaths

86
Q

flexor zone 3

A

located at distal side of the carpal tunnel
contains synovial sheaths of FPL, flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis

87
Q

flexor Zon 2

A

between beginning of digital synovial sheaths proximally and adhesion site of the FDS distally
fibroosseous tunnels called PULLEYS are found

88
Q

flexor zon 1

A

extends from adhesion site of FDS to the proximal phalanx of FDP

89
Q

extensor zones of hand

A

five zones for the thumb and eight for other fingers

90
Q

extensor zon 8

A

level of forearm and at line of supinator muscles

91
Q

extensor zon 7

A

at wrist level
do not have synovial sheaths thus easy to repair than flexor tendons

92
Q

extensor zon 6

A

the extensor digitorum komunis tendon spread to the fingers on the back of the hand

93
Q

zone 5 extensor

A

extensor tendons cross the sagittal bands between MCP joint heads.
if rupture tendon falls into intermetacarpal area during flexion
extensor plus phenomenon occurs here

94
Q

extensor zon 4

A

it is the alignment of the proximal phalanxes

95
Q

extensor zon 3

A

the central band. extensor of PIP joint passes PIP joint and adheres to the middle phalanx’s proximal part

96
Q

extensor zone 2

A

middle phalanx and lateral bands are here

97
Q

zone 1 extensors

A

the tendon attaches to the base of distal phalanx.
swan neck can be seen here.

98
Q

functional position of the hand

A

wrist 15-30 extension, 10-12 ulnar deviation. thumb opposition and other fingers semiflexion.

99
Q

neural position

A

not 180
12 extension and 3 ulnar deviation

100
Q

ROM with angles

A

extension=50-80
flexion=60-85
add=30-45
abd=15-30
pronation=80-90
supination=80-90

101
Q

muscles of the hand

A

extrinsic=take their origo from outside of the hand
intrinsic

102
Q

functional ROM for DLA

A

flex=10
ext=25-30
radial=10
ulnar=15

103
Q

capitulum humeri

A

has spherical surface as it goes from top to bottom it’s curvature increases and so it does not have fixed radius

104
Q

medial collateral ligament of elbow

A

when elbow forced into valgus it is stretched and prevents the movement of ulna to the radial side

105
Q

lateral collateral ligament of elbow

A

it is stretched when elbow forced into varus

106
Q

annular ligament of elbow

A

hold the radial head in the sigmoid cavity

107
Q

arthrokinematics movement

A

compression/distraction of ulna to humerus

108
Q

osteokinematic movements

A

=radius head rotates in the annular ligament and in the capitulum of the humerus
=actual movement occurs when the elbow is in 90-degrees flexion

109
Q

closed kinematics movements of elbow

A

open door handle
open a can

110
Q

location of medial and lateral epicondyle

A

medial =posteriorly
lateral=anteriorly

111
Q

brachialis and brachioradialis

A

elbow flexion activities

112
Q

biceps brachii

A

=elbow flexion when forearm supinated
=flexes shoulder

113
Q

elbow extensors

A

triceps brachii
anconeus

113
Q

dynamic stability of elbow

A

=anconeus opposes varus stress
=antagonists co-contraction increases compression force and brings the joint closer

114
Q

common injuries of elbow by direct stress

A

longitudinal compression stress fracture
distraction elbow
elbow backward dislocation

115
Q

repetitive stress

A

lateral epicondylitis when forearm pronated
medial epicondylitis wehn supination is repeated

116
Q

anatomical orientation of shoulder gridle

A

clavicula 20 behind frontal plane
scapula 35 ahead frontal plane
humerus 30 behind frontal /medial lateral axis

117
Q

GH joint stability structures

A

[static structures]
bone
glenoid labrum
joint
ligaments
negative intraarticular pressure

dynamic=muscles

118
Q

GH joint stability

A

=provided by rotator cuff muscles and fibrous capsule
*Static stability= provided by the position of the head of the humerus in the glenoid pit and there is -ve pressure
*Dynamic stability= by normal resting tone and functional strength of 4 muscles

119
Q

subscapularis

A

medial rotation of the arm
adduction of the arm

120
Q

supraspinatus

A

abduct the arm

121
Q

infraspinatus

A

lateral/external rotation of the arm

122
Q

teres minor

A

lateral rotation and adduction of humerus

123
Q

deltoid

A

anterior = flexion
posterior=extension
lateral=abduction of the humerus

124
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

extends. adducts and medially rotates humerus.
climbing muscle

125
Q

pectoralis major

A

clavicular head=flexion
sternal head = adduction and medial rotation

126
Q

scapulothoracic Joint

A

=physiological joint
*elevation=sternoclavicular elevation +acromioclavicular downward rotation
*Upward rotation= SC elevation + AC upward rotation

127
Q

trapezius

A

superior=elevation of scapula
middle=retraction
inferior=depression

128
Q

sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

A

synovial
planar type

129
Q

scapular rhythm 0-90 degrees abduction

A

60 from GH
30 from ST= 20-25 clavicular elevation
= 5 AC upward rotation

130
Q

90-180 abduction scapular rhythm

A

60 GH
30 ST=5 clavicular elevation
= 25 AC upward rotation

131
Q

scapulohumeral rhythm

A

abduction is created by synergistic coordination of ST combined with GH, AC and SC
2;1

132
Q

front side shoulder pain

A

*Rotator cuff tendinopathy= simple strain
=tearless
=chronic calcific
=with tear
*Adhesive capsulitis=pain and limitation of movements
*Labral tear=deep pain cannot be localized. instability
*AC problems=can be localized. trauma. OA and AC separation

133
Q

what causes pain that are not well localized?

A

usually caused by extrinsic problems

134
Q

AC pain

A

pain can be well localized on the anterior face of the shoulder

135
Q

shoulder instability

A

subluxation
loose shoulder
partial dislocation
may be as a result of rotator cuff tear
common in young women

kinesiology (5 decks)

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