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Final Review Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is the science that studies structures of the body (cut up, direct) Physiology is the science that describes how the body functions

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2
Q

List the levels of organization

A
  1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Cell 5. Tissue 6. Organ 7. Organ System 8. Organism
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3
Q

What is homeostasis and how does it help an organism?

A

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable environment in response to changing external environment.

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4
Q

What is the dorsal cavity? Where is it located?

A

The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. It is posterior to the body

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5
Q

What is the ventral cavity? Where is it located?

A

The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. It is anterior to the body

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6
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A

Integumentary

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7
Q

What are the planes and sections of the body?

A

A. Sagittal Plane: divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions

B. Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

C. Transverse Plane: divides the body horizontally; creates an upper and lower body

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8
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, toes and palms directed forward.

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9
Q

Superior and inferior

A
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10
Q

Anterior and posterior

A
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11
Q

Medial and Lateral

A
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12
Q

Proximal and Distal

A

(only arms and legs)

proximal: close to the point of origin
distal: far from the point of origin

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13
Q

Superficial and deep

A
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14
Q

Central and peripheral

A
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15
Q

Ventral and Dorsal

A

ventral: front
dorsal: back

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16
Q

What is the location and function for the cranial cavity?

A
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17
Q

What is the location and function of the spinal cavity?

A
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18
Q

What are the locations and functions of the thoracic cavity?

A
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19
Q

What is the location and function of the abdominal cavity?

A

below thoracic, digestive, urinary organs

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20
Q

What is the location and function of the pelvic cavity?

A

Bottom of abdominal cavity, contains urinary, reproductive organs

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21
Q

Left upper quadrant

A
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22
Q

Right upper quadrant

A

gallbladder, most of liver and duodenum, right kidney, part of right ureter, parts of pancreas, small intestine, ascending and transverse colon

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23
Q

Left lower quadrant

A
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24
Q

Right lower quadrant

A
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25
What are functions of the skin?
1. Keeps harmful substances out; keeps water and electrolytes in 2. Protects internal structures and organs 3. Acts as a gland for vitamin D synthesis 4.
26
How is skin color determined?
Genes,
27
What is dark pigment?
Melanin: ## Footnote Secreted by melanoctyes in the epidermis The more melanin secreted, the darker the skin Melanocyte malfunctions: albinism, vitiligo, moles, melanomas
28
What is yellow pigment?
Carotene Presence of melanin overshadows carotene’s tint in most people
29
What is cyanosis?
Poor oxygenation causes a bluish tint
30
Blushing
Blood vessel dialation that causes reddening
31
Pallor
Blood vessel constriction causes paling
32
What is a result of jaundice?
Bilirubin, a yellow pigment, deposited
33
Bronze skin tint
34
Eccyhmosis
Black and blue bruising
35
What is the epidermis?
Thin outer layer of the skin, formed of stratified squamous epithelium, site of _insensible_ perperation
36
What is keratinization?
Process by which skin cells are hardened and flattened with the protein keratin as they move towards the surface
37
Dermis
Inner layer of the skn, formed of dense fibrous connective tissue, strong and elastic, accessory structures embedded, contains blood vessels, nervous tissue, and some muscle tissue
38
Another name for hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer
39
What is the hypodermis formed of?
Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, highly vascularized
40
Two main roles of the hypodermis
Insulate the body from extreme temperature changes in the external environment Anchor the skin to the underlying structures
41
Function of hair
Detect insects, protect eyes, keep dust out of lungs, reduce heat loss
42
What are factors of hair
Growth affected by sex hormones, color influenced by type and amount of melanin, texture determined by shape of shaft
43
Function of nails
Protect tips of fingers and toes from injury
44
What affects the condition of nails?
Oxygenation of blood supply, trauma, and nutritional deficiency
45
Sebaceous gland
Secrete sebum into the hair follicle
46
Sudoriforous gland
47
Appocrine glands
A type of suderiforous gland that is associated with hair follicles; activated by emotional stress; becomes more active during puberty
48
Eccrine glands
Involved in temperature regulation; responsible for sensible perspiration
49
Mammary glands
Type of modified gland,
50
Ceruminous glands
Modified sweat gland, secretes ear wax (cerumen)
51
ABCD rule
A- Assymetry B- Border C- Color D- Diameter
52
First degree burn
53
Second degree burn
54
Third degree burn
Destroys dermis and epidermis, and damages underlying tissues
55
Rule of nines
Initial assessment of how much surface is burned
56
Arrector pili muscle
One of the small fan shaped muscles associated with the base of each hair that contract when the body surface is chilled and erect the hairs, compress an oil gland above each muscle, and produces the appearance of goose bumps
57
58
Core temperature
The temperature of the inner parts of the body
59
Shell temperature
The temperature of the surface areas of the body
60
Thermoregulaion
The mechanism by which the body balances
61
What is heat produced from?
Muscles, liver, and endocrine system. It is produced by cells warm blood which distributes it througout the body
62
What affects heat production?
Food consumption, hormonal secretion, and physical activity
63

Anatomy (8 decks)

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