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Anatomy > Final Review Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Review Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is the science that studies structures of the body (cut up, direct) Physiology is the science that describes how the body functions

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2
Q

List the levels of organization

A
  1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Cell 5. Tissue 6. Organ 7. Organ System 8. Organism
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3
Q

What is homeostasis and how does it help an organism?

A

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable environment in response to changing external environment.

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4
Q

What is the dorsal cavity? Where is it located?

A

The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. It is posterior to the body

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5
Q

What is the ventral cavity? Where is it located?

A

The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. It is anterior to the body

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6
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A

Integumentary

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7
Q

What are the planes and sections of the body?

A

A. Sagittal Plane: divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions

B. Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

C. Transverse Plane: divides the body horizontally; creates an upper and lower body

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8
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, toes and palms directed forward.

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9
Q

Superior and inferior

A
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10
Q

Anterior and posterior

A
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11
Q

Medial and Lateral

A
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12
Q

Proximal and Distal

A

(only arms and legs)

proximal: close to the point of origin
distal: far from the point of origin

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13
Q

Superficial and deep

A
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14
Q

Central and peripheral

A
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15
Q

Ventral and Dorsal

A

ventral: front
dorsal: back

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16
Q

What is the location and function for the cranial cavity?

A
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17
Q

What is the location and function of the spinal cavity?

A
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18
Q

What are the locations and functions of the thoracic cavity?

A
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19
Q

What is the location and function of the abdominal cavity?

A

below thoracic, digestive, urinary organs

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20
Q

What is the location and function of the pelvic cavity?

A

Bottom of abdominal cavity, contains urinary, reproductive organs

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21
Q

Left upper quadrant

A
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22
Q

Right upper quadrant

A

gallbladder, most of liver and duodenum, right kidney, part of right ureter, parts of pancreas, small intestine, ascending and transverse colon

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23
Q

Left lower quadrant

A
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24
Q

Right lower quadrant

A
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25
Q

What are functions of the skin?

A
  1. Keeps harmful substances out; keeps water and electrolytes in
  2. Protects internal structures and organs
  3. Acts as a gland for vitamin D synthesis

4.

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26
Q

How is skin color determined?

A

Genes,

27
Q

What is dark pigment?

A

Melanin:

Secreted by melanoctyes in the epidermis

The more melanin secreted, the darker the skin

Melanocyte malfunctions: albinism, vitiligo, moles, melanomas

28
Q

What is yellow pigment?

A

Carotene

Presence of melanin overshadows carotene’s tint in most people

29
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Poor oxygenation causes a bluish tint

30
Q

Blushing

A

Blood vessel dialation that causes reddening

31
Q

Pallor

A

Blood vessel constriction causes paling

32
Q

What is a result of jaundice?

A

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment, deposited

33
Q

Bronze skin tint

A
34
Q

Eccyhmosis

A

Black and blue bruising

35
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Thin outer layer of the skin, formed of stratified squamous epithelium, site of insensible perperation

36
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Process by which skin cells are hardened and flattened with the protein keratin as they move towards the surface

37
Q

Dermis

A

Inner layer of the skn, formed of dense fibrous connective tissue, strong and elastic, accessory structures embedded, contains blood vessels, nervous tissue, and some muscle tissue

38
Q

Another name for hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer

39
Q

What is the hypodermis formed of?

A

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, highly vascularized

40
Q

Two main roles of the hypodermis

A

Insulate the body from extreme temperature changes in the external environment

Anchor the skin to the underlying structures

41
Q

Function of hair

A

Detect insects, protect eyes, keep dust out of lungs, reduce heat loss

42
Q

What are factors of hair

A

Growth affected by sex hormones, color influenced by type and amount of melanin, texture determined by shape of shaft

43
Q

Function of nails

A

Protect tips of fingers and toes from injury

44
Q

What affects the condition of nails?

A

Oxygenation of blood supply, trauma, and nutritional deficiency

45
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Secrete sebum into the hair follicle

46
Q

Sudoriforous gland

A
47
Q

Appocrine glands

A

A type of suderiforous gland that is associated with hair follicles; activated by emotional stress; becomes more active during puberty

48
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Involved in temperature regulation; responsible for sensible perspiration

49
Q

Mammary glands

A

Type of modified gland,

50
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified sweat gland, secretes ear wax (cerumen)

51
Q

ABCD rule

A

A- Assymetry

B- Border

C- Color

D- Diameter

52
Q

First degree burn

A
53
Q

Second degree burn

A
54
Q

Third degree burn

A

Destroys dermis and epidermis, and damages underlying tissues

55
Q

Rule of nines

A

Initial assessment of how much surface is burned

56
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

One of the small fan shaped muscles associated with the base of each hair that contract when the body surface is chilled and erect the hairs, compress an oil gland above each muscle, and produces the appearance of goose bumps

57
Q
A
58
Q

Core temperature

A

The temperature of the inner parts of the body

59
Q

Shell temperature

A

The temperature of the surface areas of the body

60
Q

Thermoregulaion

A

The mechanism by which the body balances

61
Q

What is heat produced from?

A

Muscles, liver, and endocrine system. It is produced by cells warm blood which distributes it througout the body

62
Q

What affects heat production?

A

Food consumption, hormonal secretion, and physical activity

63
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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