Final Review Study Guide Flashcards
What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the science that studies structures of the body (cut up, direct) Physiology is the science that describes how the body functions
List the levels of organization
- Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Cell 5. Tissue 6. Organ 7. Organ System 8. Organism
What is homeostasis and how does it help an organism?
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable environment in response to changing external environment.
What is the dorsal cavity? Where is it located?
The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity. It is posterior to the body
What is the ventral cavity? Where is it located?
The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. It is anterior to the body
What are the 11 major organ systems?
Integumentary
What are the planes and sections of the body?
A. Sagittal Plane: divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions
B. Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
C. Transverse Plane: divides the body horizontally; creates an upper and lower body
What is anatomical position?
Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, toes and palms directed forward.
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
Medial and Lateral
Proximal and Distal
(only arms and legs)
proximal: close to the point of origin
distal: far from the point of origin
Superficial and deep
Central and peripheral
Ventral and Dorsal
ventral: front
dorsal: back
What is the location and function for the cranial cavity?
What is the location and function of the spinal cavity?
What are the locations and functions of the thoracic cavity?
What is the location and function of the abdominal cavity?
below thoracic, digestive, urinary organs
What is the location and function of the pelvic cavity?
Bottom of abdominal cavity, contains urinary, reproductive organs
Left upper quadrant
Right upper quadrant
gallbladder, most of liver and duodenum, right kidney, part of right ureter, parts of pancreas, small intestine, ascending and transverse colon
Left lower quadrant
Right lower quadrant
What are functions of the skin?
- Keeps harmful substances out; keeps water and electrolytes in
- Protects internal structures and organs
- Acts as a gland for vitamin D synthesis
4.
How is skin color determined?
Genes,
What is dark pigment?
Melanin:
Secreted by melanoctyes in the epidermis
The more melanin secreted, the darker the skin
Melanocyte malfunctions: albinism, vitiligo, moles, melanomas
What is yellow pigment?
Carotene
Presence of melanin overshadows carotene’s tint in most people
What is cyanosis?
Poor oxygenation causes a bluish tint
Blushing
Blood vessel dialation that causes reddening
Pallor
Blood vessel constriction causes paling
What is a result of jaundice?
Bilirubin, a yellow pigment, deposited
Bronze skin tint
Eccyhmosis
Black and blue bruising
What is the epidermis?
Thin outer layer of the skin, formed of stratified squamous epithelium, site of insensible perperation
What is keratinization?
Process by which skin cells are hardened and flattened with the protein keratin as they move towards the surface
Dermis
Inner layer of the skn, formed of dense fibrous connective tissue, strong and elastic, accessory structures embedded, contains blood vessels, nervous tissue, and some muscle tissue
Another name for hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer
What is the hypodermis formed of?
Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, highly vascularized
Two main roles of the hypodermis
Insulate the body from extreme temperature changes in the external environment
Anchor the skin to the underlying structures
Function of hair
Detect insects, protect eyes, keep dust out of lungs, reduce heat loss
What are factors of hair
Growth affected by sex hormones, color influenced by type and amount of melanin, texture determined by shape of shaft
Function of nails
Protect tips of fingers and toes from injury
What affects the condition of nails?
Oxygenation of blood supply, trauma, and nutritional deficiency
Sebaceous gland
Secrete sebum into the hair follicle
Sudoriforous gland
Appocrine glands
A type of suderiforous gland that is associated with hair follicles; activated by emotional stress; becomes more active during puberty
Eccrine glands
Involved in temperature regulation; responsible for sensible perspiration
Mammary glands
Type of modified gland,
Ceruminous glands
Modified sweat gland, secretes ear wax (cerumen)
ABCD rule
A- Assymetry
B- Border
C- Color
D- Diameter
First degree burn
Second degree burn
Third degree burn
Destroys dermis and epidermis, and damages underlying tissues
Rule of nines
Initial assessment of how much surface is burned
Arrector pili muscle
One of the small fan shaped muscles associated with the base of each hair that contract when the body surface is chilled and erect the hairs, compress an oil gland above each muscle, and produces the appearance of goose bumps
Core temperature
The temperature of the inner parts of the body
Shell temperature
The temperature of the surface areas of the body
Thermoregulaion
The mechanism by which the body balances
What is heat produced from?
Muscles, liver, and endocrine system. It is produced by cells warm blood which distributes it througout the body
What affects heat production?
Food consumption, hormonal secretion, and physical activity
