Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Smallest unit of life
A
CELL
2
Q
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
A
TISSUE
3
Q
Several tissues join together to form an…
A
ORGAN
4
Q
Organs work together to form an…
A
ORGANSISM
5
Q
Organisms of the same species in a particular area
A
POPULATION
6
Q
Interacting populations in a particular area
A
COMMUNITY
7
Q
A community plus the physical environment
A
ECOSYSTEM
8
Q
Regions of the earths crust waters and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms
A
BIOSPHERE
9
Q
Smallest unit of an element; composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
A
ATOM
10
Q
Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
A
MOLECULE
11
Q
The structural and functional unit of all living organisms
A
CELL
12
Q
A group of cells with a common structure and function
A
TISSUE
13
Q
Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task
A
ORGAN
14
Q
Composed of several organs working together
A
ORGAN SYSTEM
15
Q
The capacity to do work
A
ENERGY
16
Q
Unit of information within an individual’s DNA
A
GENES
17
Q
The process by which organism makes more of itself
A
REPRODUCTION
18
Q
The requirement that organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
A
HOMEOSTASIS
19
Q
Increase in size or number of cells
A
GROWTH
20
Q
Changes that take place from conception to death
A
DEVELOPMENT
21
Q
The differential reproductive success of adapted individuals
A
NATURAL SELECTION
22
Q
The change in frequency of traits in populations and species
A
TAXONOMY
23
Q
Is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms
A
SYSTEMATICS
24
Q
Are the largest classification category
A
DOMAINS
25
Live in extreme environments
ARCHEA
26
Cells with nuclei
DOMAIN EUKARYA
27
Multicellular,motile, ingestion of food
Kingdom ANAMALIA
28
Dorsal supporting rod and nerve cord
PHYLUM CHORDATA
29
Hair, mammary glands
CLASS MAMMALIA
30
Adapted to climb trees
ORDER PRIMATES
31
Adapted to walk erect
FAMILY HOMINIDAE
32
Large brain, tool use
GENUS HOMO
33
Body characteristics similar to modern humans
SPECIES HOMO SAPIEN
34
Occurs when one uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole
INDUCTIVE REASONING
35
Involves if then logic
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
36
Factor of the experiment being tested
Experimental Variable (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)
37
Result or change that occurs due to the experimental variable.
Response Variable (DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
38
Is the application of the knowledge for a practical purpose
TECHNOLOGY
39
Atoms of the same element that differed in the number of neutrons.
ISOTOPES
40
Shares electrons
Covalent
41
Gives away electrons
IONIC
42
Properties of water
- high heat capacity
- high heat of vaporization
- a universal solvent
- cohesive and adhesive
- high surface tension
43
Resisted the change of the ph to neutralize
BUFFER
44
Always include carbon and hydrogen
ORGANIC MOLECULES
45
Used to fe energy
CARBOHYDRATES
46
Carbohydrate monomer
Monosaccharide
47
Polymer of carbohydrates
POLYSACCHARIDE
48
Monomer of lipids
FATTY ACID
49
Polymer of Lipids
TRIGLYCEROL
50
Monomer of protein
AMINO ACID
51
Polymer of Proteins
POLYPEPTIDES
52
Monomer of nucleic ACID
Nucleotide
53
Polymer of nucleic acids
Polynucleotide
54
Phases of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- preparatory reaction
- citric acid cycle
- ETC
55
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytoplasm
56
What is glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
57
What happens in the Calvin cycle
Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn
- Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
- cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA's are produced per glucose
58
What is glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
| -does not require oxygen y
59
ETC
Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule
60
Where does the krebs cycle occur?
Matrix
61
Where does ETC occur
The cristae
62
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
63
Exergonic
Delta G is neg....products have less free energy than reactants
64
Endergonic
Delta G is pos...products have more free energy than reactants
65
Metabolic pathways
Series of linked reactions
66
Potential energy
stored energy
67
Kinetic energy
motion energy
68
Chemical energy
stored in chemical compounds and is released from a chemical rxn.
69
mechanical energy
the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that does work.
70
Law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
-Energy cannot be changed to another without a loss of usable energy
71
ATP
..
72
Free energy
The amount of energy available
73
How is free energy calculated
I subtract the energy of the reactants from that of the products
74
Exergonic
Energy is released and Delta G negative
| -Products have less free energy reactance
75
Endergonic
Requires input of energy and Delta G is positive
| -Products have more free energy than reactants
76
Metabolic pathway
Every step of the metabolic pathway has a different enzyme that is unique to the previous substrate
77
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
78
Reduction
Gain of electrons
79
Metabolism
Is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
80
Cellular respiration formula
Glucose + oxygen= Co2 + water + ATP
81
Reactants of CR
Oxygen and glucose
82
Products of CR
Water, carbon dioxide and Energy
83
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytoplasm
84
What is glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
85
What happens in the Krebs cycle
Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn
- Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
- cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA's are produced per glucose
86
how many ATP's does the ETC make?
Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule
87
Where does the krebs cycle occur
Matrix
88
Where does ETC occur
The cristae
89
Phases of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- preparatory reaction
- citric acid cycle
- ETC
90
Heterotroph
Feed on other organisms
91
Autotrophs
Carry out photosynthesis, make their own energy
92
Photosynthesis
Convert solar energy into chemical energy
93
Equation of photosynthesis
Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
94
Are there a lot of pigment chlorophyll
There are many pigments of chlorophyll
95
White light
The latency is the lightning but all other wavelength lights are being absorbed
96
Stomata
Carbon dioxide enters through opening in leaves
97
Chlorophyll
green pigment reflected in plants
98
Thylakoid
Different membrane system in the stroma in forms of sacs
99
Stroma
The area around stacks of Grana
100
Grana
Stacks of thylakoid
101
Just the light dependent reactions occur
In the thylakoid
102
Does this Calvin cycle require light
No
103
Tissues
Similar cells that perform a common function in the body
104
What are the four types of tissues
- epithelial
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
105
Different classifications of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple=One layer
Stratified = multiple layers
106
Different types of connective tissue
- loose fibrous connective tissues
- dense fibrous connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- bone
- blood
107
Extracellular matrix
Non-cellular material that carries inconsistency
| -made of fibers + ground substance
108
Three types of fiber
- collagen
Elastic
Reticular
109
Collagen
Protein that gives flexibility and strength
110
Elastic
Protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic
111
Reticular
Thin, highly branched collagen fibers that form supporting network
112
Three types of muscle
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
113
Skeletal Muscle
has striated cells with multiple nuclei
- occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
- functions in voluntary movement
114
Smooth Muscle
- has spindle – shaped cells with a single nucleus
- cells have no striations
- fuck her in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract
- is involuntary
115
Cardiac muscle
Has branching, striated cells, each with the single nucleus
- occurs in the walls of the heart
- functions in the pumping of blood
- is in voluntary
116
Nerve tissue
Contains neurons (nerve cells) and his present in the brain and spinal cord
117
Neuroglia
- out numbers neurons 9 to 1
| - support and nourish neurons
118
Endocrine gland
Things are secreted into the blood
119
Exocrine gland
Things are secreted out
120
Three types of epithelial cell junctions
- tight junction
- Gap junction
- adhesion junction
121
Tight junction
Forms of in permeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane protein actually join,
122
Gap junction
Forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join
123
Adhesion junction
Adjacent plasma membrane's do not touch but I held together by intracellular filaments firmly attached cytoplasmic plaques
124
Dorsal
Means towards the back
125
Ventral
Means towards the front
126
Superior
Means towards the head
127
Posterior cavity
Means towards the feet
128
Medial
Is closer to the body midline
129
Lateral
Is away from the body midline
130
Dorsal cavity
-cranial cavity- within the skull
131
Name all 11 organ systems
integumentary system
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune system-
Digestive
Respitory-
Urinary
skeletal system-
Muscular-
Nervous system-
Endocrine-
Reproductive-
132
integumentary system
- skin/ hair/ nails
133
Cardiovascular
transports blood nutrients, gases, and wastes
134
Lymphatic and immune system
- helps fight diseases, fluid balancing
135
Digestive-
digest food, ingest food, absorb nutrients, eliminates waste
136
Respitory-
maintaining breathing
137
Urinary-
excreting waste, kidney
138
skeletal system-
structure, protects body parts
139
Muscular
attached to bones to help move
140
Nervous system-
brain and spinal chord
141
Endocrine system
glands and produces hormones
142
Reproductive system
main focus is reproduction
143
sensor
detects
144
effector
thing that is working to fix the problem
145
what does a systematic disease do?
affects the body
| ex. flu
146
what does a local disease do?
restricted to one part of the body
| ex. burns, warts
147
what is a chronic disease?
long term, less severe sometimes, develops slowly
148
what is an acute disease?
- occurs suddenly
| - usually short duration
149
characteristics of living things
life is organized
- life requires materials and energy
- living organisms reproduce and develop
- living organisms respond to stimuli
- living organisms are homeostatic
- organisms have the capacity to adapt
150
cell
building blocks of living things
| - smallest unit of life
151
biology
the study of life
152
order smallest to largest
| cells
atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system
153
order smallest to largest
| organism
organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere
154
energy
capacity to do work
155
Genes
are units of information within an individual’s DNA.
156
Reproduction
is the process by which an organism makes more of itself.
157
Homeostasis
maintaining constant internal environment
158
Development –
changes that take place from conception to death
159
Growth
– increase in size or number of cells
160
Evolution
is the change in frequency of traits in populations and species.
161
taxonomy
– the way that we organize and group organisms to better identify them
162
why are microscopes required to study and understand cells?
Because Most cells are smaller than 1mm and Some cells are as small as 1 micrometer
163
why can’t cells be larger (think about the surface area vs volume ratio – look at figure 3.2 on page 46)
because surface area can affect the ability to get materials in and out of the cell
164
structure of eukaryotic cells
..........
165
nucleus
command center of cell
166
nucleoli
small ran containing particle for synthesis of protein
167
RER
has ribosomes that help make proteins
168
SER
lacks ribosomes, makes fat molecules
169
Golgi body
processeds, packages and ships modified proteins
170
Lysosomes
membrane-enclosed vesicles involved in digestion
171
Vacuoles
stores water in plants
172
Peroxisomes
vesicles involved fatty acid metabolism
173
mitochondria
organelle that carries out cellular respiration
174
chloroplasts
uses solar energy to synthesize
175
golgi aparatus
received from ER
176
chloroplast
photosynthesis in plants and algae
177
stroma
fluid filled in the spa
178
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
179
Mitochondria
contains DNA
| -site of cellular respiration
180
Matrix
inner fluid filled space
181
Cristae
inner fold
182
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were taken up by a larger cell
183
transmembrane protein
goes across membrane
184
Peripheral
can only be seen on one side
185
channel Protein
bridge; moves things from one side to another
186
glycoprotein
carb attached to protein
187
glycolipid
-carb on lipid
188
cholesterol
attached to top of protein
189
extracellular matrix
- everything stuck outside of the cell membrane
| - helps communicate w/ outside world)
190
receptor protein
sends messages inside of the cel when the right shape binds to it
191
enzymatic protein
catalyzes a specific rxn
192
what molecules cannot penetrate the membrane
water molecules
193
active transport
requires energy
194
passive transport
doesn't require energy
195
diffusion
movement from high concentration to low concentration
196
osmosis
movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
197
facilitated diffusion
requires help from carrier protein
198
isotonic
equal concentration
199
hypotonic
more water, less solute
200
hypertonic
more solute, less water
201
osmotic pressure
pressure for water to
202
autotroph
makes its own food through photosynthesis
203
heterotroph
gets food from different source
204
enzyme
speeds up rxn
205
stimuli
whats being exposed to, to cause a response
206
adaptation
an adjustment environmental change
207
evolution
change over time
208
Interphase
growth or replication of material occurs
209
Prophase
nuclear envelope breaks and DNA will condense. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
210
Metaphase
chromosomes are lined up
211
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart
212
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms and DNA decondenses
| *cleavage furrow forms....in plants cell plate is formed
213
Cytokinesis
splitting of cell after telophase
214
Mitosis
somatic....cell division
215
Meiosis
Reproduction of sex cells...sperm and egg
216
Mitosis cell distribution
starts with 46 and after replication ends with 46 chromosomes (diploid)
217
Meiosis cell distribution
starts with 46 chromosomes and after replicating forms daughter cells of 23 chromosomes (haploid)
218
Cell cycle Phases
g1,s,g2
