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Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Smallest unit of life

A

CELL

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2
Q

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.

A

TISSUE

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3
Q

Several tissues join together to form an…

A

ORGAN

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4
Q

Organs work together to form an…

A

ORGANSISM

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5
Q

Organisms of the same species in a particular area

A

POPULATION

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6
Q

Interacting populations in a particular area

A

COMMUNITY

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7
Q

A community plus the physical environment

A

ECOSYSTEM

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8
Q

Regions of the earths crust waters and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms

A

BIOSPHERE

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9
Q

Smallest unit of an element; composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

A

ATOM

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10
Q

Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

A

MOLECULE

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11
Q

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

A

CELL

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12
Q

A group of cells with a common structure and function

A

TISSUE

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13
Q

Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

A

ORGAN

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14
Q

Composed of several organs working together

A

ORGAN SYSTEM

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15
Q

The capacity to do work

A

ENERGY

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16
Q

Unit of information within an individual’s DNA

A

GENES

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17
Q

The process by which organism makes more of itself

A

REPRODUCTION

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18
Q

The requirement that organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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19
Q

Increase in size or number of cells

A

GROWTH

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20
Q

Changes that take place from conception to death

A

DEVELOPMENT

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21
Q

The differential reproductive success of adapted individuals

A

NATURAL SELECTION

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22
Q

The change in frequency of traits in populations and species

A

TAXONOMY

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23
Q

Is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

A

SYSTEMATICS

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24
Q

Are the largest classification category

A

DOMAINS

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25
Q

Live in extreme environments

A

ARCHEA

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26
Q

Cells with nuclei

A

DOMAIN EUKARYA

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27
Q

Multicellular,motile, ingestion of food

A

Kingdom ANAMALIA

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28
Q

Dorsal supporting rod and nerve cord

A

PHYLUM CHORDATA

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29
Q

Hair, mammary glands

A

CLASS MAMMALIA

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30
Q

Adapted to climb trees

A

ORDER PRIMATES

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31
Q

Adapted to walk erect

A

FAMILY HOMINIDAE

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32
Q

Large brain, tool use

A

GENUS HOMO

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33
Q

Body characteristics similar to modern humans

A

SPECIES HOMO SAPIEN

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34
Q

Occurs when one uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole

A

INDUCTIVE REASONING

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35
Q

Involves if then logic

A

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

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36
Q

Factor of the experiment being tested

A

Experimental Variable (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)

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37
Q

Result or change that occurs due to the experimental variable.

A

Response Variable (DEPENDENT VARIABLE)

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38
Q

Is the application of the knowledge for a practical purpose

A

TECHNOLOGY

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39
Q

Atoms of the same element that differed in the number of neutrons.

A

ISOTOPES

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40
Q

Shares electrons

A

Covalent

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41
Q

Gives away electrons

A

IONIC

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42
Q

Properties of water

A
  • high heat capacity
    • high heat of vaporization
  • a universal solvent
  • cohesive and adhesive
  • high surface tension
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43
Q

Resisted the change of the ph to neutralize

A

BUFFER

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44
Q

Always include carbon and hydrogen

A

ORGANIC MOLECULES

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45
Q

Used to fe energy

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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46
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

Monosaccharide

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47
Q

Polymer of carbohydrates

A

POLYSACCHARIDE

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48
Q

Monomer of lipids

A

FATTY ACID

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49
Q

Polymer of Lipids

A

TRIGLYCEROL

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50
Q

Monomer of protein

A

AMINO ACID

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51
Q

Polymer of Proteins

A

POLYPEPTIDES

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52
Q

Monomer of nucleic ACID

A

Nucleotide

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53
Q

Polymer of nucleic acids

A

Polynucleotide

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54
Q

Phases of cellular respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • preparatory reaction
  • citric acid cycle
  • ETC
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55
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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56
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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57
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle

A

Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn

  • Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
  • cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s are produced per glucose
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58
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

-does not require oxygen y

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59
Q

ETC

A

Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule

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60
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix

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61
Q

Where does ETC occur

A

The cristae

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62
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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63
Q

Exergonic

A

Delta G is neg….products have less free energy than reactants

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64
Q

Endergonic

A

Delta G is pos…products have more free energy than reactants

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65
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Series of linked reactions

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66
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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67
Q

Kinetic energy

A

motion energy

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68
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in chemical compounds and is released from a chemical rxn.

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69
Q

mechanical energy

A

the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that does work.

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70
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
-Energy cannot be changed to another without a loss of usable energy

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71
Q

ATP

A

..

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72
Q

Free energy

A

The amount of energy available

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73
Q

How is free energy calculated

A

I subtract the energy of the reactants from that of the products

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74
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released and Delta G negative

-Products have less free energy reactance

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75
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires input of energy and Delta G is positive

-Products have more free energy than reactants

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76
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Every step of the metabolic pathway has a different enzyme that is unique to the previous substrate

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77
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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78
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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79
Q

Metabolism

A

Is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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80
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen= Co2 + water + ATP

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81
Q

Reactants of CR

A

Oxygen and glucose

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82
Q

Products of CR

A

Water, carbon dioxide and Energy

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83
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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84
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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85
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle

A

Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn

  • Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
  • cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s are produced per glucose
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86
Q

how many ATP’s does the ETC make?

A

Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule

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87
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur

A

Matrix

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88
Q

Where does ETC occur

A

The cristae

89
Q

Phases of cellular respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • preparatory reaction
  • citric acid cycle
  • ETC
90
Q

Heterotroph

A

Feed on other organisms

91
Q

Autotrophs

A

Carry out photosynthesis, make their own energy

92
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy

93
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

94
Q

Are there a lot of pigment chlorophyll

A

There are many pigments of chlorophyll

95
Q

White light

A

The latency is the lightning but all other wavelength lights are being absorbed

96
Q

Stomata

A

Carbon dioxide enters through opening in leaves

97
Q

Chlorophyll

A

green pigment reflected in plants

98
Q

Thylakoid

A

Different membrane system in the stroma in forms of sacs

99
Q

Stroma

A

The area around stacks of Grana

100
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid

101
Q

Just the light dependent reactions occur

A

In the thylakoid

102
Q

Does this Calvin cycle require light

A

No

103
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cells that perform a common function in the body

104
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
105
Q

Different classifications of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple=One layer
Stratified = multiple layers

106
Q

Different types of connective tissue

A
  • loose fibrous connective tissues
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • reticular connective tissue
  • bone
  • blood
107
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Non-cellular material that carries inconsistency

-made of fibers + ground substance

108
Q

Three types of fiber

A
  • collagen
    Elastic
    Reticular
109
Q

Collagen

A

Protein that gives flexibility and strength

110
Q

Elastic

A

Protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic

111
Q

Reticular

A

Thin, highly branched collagen fibers that form supporting network

112
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
113
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

has striated cells with multiple nuclei

  • occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
  • functions in voluntary movement
114
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • has spindle – shaped cells with a single nucleus
  • cells have no striations
  • fuck her in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract
  • is involuntary
115
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Has branching, striated cells, each with the single nucleus

  • occurs in the walls of the heart
  • functions in the pumping of blood
  • is in voluntary
116
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Contains neurons (nerve cells) and his present in the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • out numbers neurons 9 to 1

- support and nourish neurons

118
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Things are secreted into the blood

119
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Things are secreted out

120
Q

Three types of epithelial cell junctions

A
  • tight junction
  • Gap junction
  • adhesion junction
121
Q

Tight junction

A

Forms of in permeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane protein actually join,

122
Q

Gap junction

A

Forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join

123
Q

Adhesion junction

A

Adjacent plasma membrane’s do not touch but I held together by intracellular filaments firmly attached cytoplasmic plaques

124
Q

Dorsal

A

Means towards the back

125
Q

Ventral

A

Means towards the front

126
Q

Superior

A

Means towards the head

127
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Means towards the feet

128
Q

Medial

A

Is closer to the body midline

129
Q

Lateral

A

Is away from the body midline

130
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

-cranial cavity- within the skull

131
Q

Name all 11 organ systems

A

integumentary system

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic and immune system-

Digestive

Respitory-

Urinary

skeletal system-

Muscular-

Nervous system-

Endocrine-

Reproductive-

132
Q

integumentary system

A
  • skin/ hair/ nails
133
Q

Cardiovascular

A

transports blood nutrients, gases, and wastes

134
Q

Lymphatic and immune system

A
  • helps fight diseases, fluid balancing
135
Q

Digestive-

A

digest food, ingest food, absorb nutrients, eliminates waste

136
Q

Respitory-

A

maintaining breathing

137
Q

Urinary-

A

excreting waste, kidney

138
Q

skeletal system-

A

structure, protects body parts

139
Q

Muscular

A

attached to bones to help move

140
Q

Nervous system-

A

brain and spinal chord

141
Q

Endocrine system

A

glands and produces hormones

142
Q

Reproductive system

A

main focus is reproduction

143
Q

sensor

A

detects

144
Q

effector

A

thing that is working to fix the problem

145
Q

what does a systematic disease do?

A

affects the body

ex. flu

146
Q

what does a local disease do?

A

restricted to one part of the body

ex. burns, warts

147
Q

what is a chronic disease?

A

long term, less severe sometimes, develops slowly

148
Q

what is an acute disease?

A
  • occurs suddenly

- usually short duration

149
Q

characteristics of living things

A

life is organized

  • life requires materials and energy
  • living organisms reproduce and develop
  • living organisms respond to stimuli
  • living organisms are homeostatic
  • organisms have the capacity to adapt
150
Q

cell

A

building blocks of living things

- smallest unit of life

151
Q

biology

A

the study of life

152
Q

order smallest to largest

cells

A

atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system

153
Q

order smallest to largest

organism

A

organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere

154
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work

155
Q

Genes

A

are units of information within an individual’s DNA.

156
Q

Reproduction

A

is the process by which an organism makes more of itself.

157
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining constant internal environment

158
Q

Development –

A

changes that take place from conception to death

159
Q

Growth

A

– increase in size or number of cells

160
Q

Evolution

A

is the change in frequency of traits in populations and species.

161
Q

taxonomy

A

– the way that we organize and group organisms to better identify them

162
Q

why are microscopes required to study and understand cells?

A

Because Most cells are smaller than 1mm and Some cells are as small as 1 micrometer

163
Q

why can’t cells be larger (think about the surface area vs volume ratio – look at figure 3.2 on page 46)

A

because surface area can affect the ability to get materials in and out of the cell

164
Q

structure of eukaryotic cells

A

……….

165
Q

nucleus

A

command center of cell

166
Q

nucleoli

A

small ran containing particle for synthesis of protein

167
Q

RER

A

has ribosomes that help make proteins

168
Q

SER

A

lacks ribosomes, makes fat molecules

169
Q

Golgi body

A

processeds, packages and ships modified proteins

170
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed vesicles involved in digestion

171
Q

Vacuoles

A

stores water in plants

172
Q

Peroxisomes

A

vesicles involved fatty acid metabolism

173
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle that carries out cellular respiration

174
Q

chloroplasts

A

uses solar energy to synthesize

175
Q

golgi aparatus

A

received from ER

176
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis in plants and algae

177
Q

stroma

A

fluid filled in the spa

178
Q

Grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

179
Q

Mitochondria

A

contains DNA

-site of cellular respiration

180
Q

Matrix

A

inner fluid filled space

181
Q

Cristae

A

inner fold

182
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were taken up by a larger cell

183
Q

transmembrane protein

A

goes across membrane

184
Q

Peripheral

A

can only be seen on one side

185
Q

channel Protein

A

bridge; moves things from one side to another

186
Q

glycoprotein

A

carb attached to protein

187
Q

glycolipid

A

-carb on lipid

188
Q

cholesterol

A

attached to top of protein

189
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • everything stuck outside of the cell membrane

- helps communicate w/ outside world)

190
Q

receptor protein

A

sends messages inside of the cel when the right shape binds to it

191
Q

enzymatic protein

A

catalyzes a specific rxn

192
Q

what molecules cannot penetrate the membrane

A

water molecules

193
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

194
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy

195
Q

diffusion

A

movement from high concentration to low concentration

196
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

197
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

requires help from carrier protein

198
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentration

199
Q

hypotonic

A

more water, less solute

200
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute, less water

201
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure for water to

202
Q

autotroph

A

makes its own food through photosynthesis

203
Q

heterotroph

A

gets food from different source

204
Q

enzyme

A

speeds up rxn

205
Q

stimuli

A

whats being exposed to, to cause a response

206
Q

adaptation

A

an adjustment environmental change

207
Q

evolution

A

change over time

208
Q

Interphase

A

growth or replication of material occurs

209
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear envelope breaks and DNA will condense. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

210
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes are lined up

211
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart

212
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and DNA decondenses

*cleavage furrow forms….in plants cell plate is formed

213
Q

Cytokinesis

A

splitting of cell after telophase

214
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic….cell division

215
Q

Meiosis

A

Reproduction of sex cells…sperm and egg

216
Q

Mitosis cell distribution

A

starts with 46 and after replication ends with 46 chromosomes (diploid)

217
Q

Meiosis cell distribution

A

starts with 46 chromosomes and after replicating forms daughter cells of 23 chromosomes (haploid)

218
Q

Cell cycle Phases

A

g1,s,g2

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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