CH.1 Test Review Flashcards by Emmanuela Charles

characteristics of living things

life is organized

life requires materials and energy
living organisms reproduce and develop
living organisms respond to stimuli
living organisms are homeostatic
organisms have the capacity to adapt

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cell

building blocks of living things

- smallest unit of life

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biology

the study of life

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order smallest to largest

cells

atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system

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order smallest to largest

organism

organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere

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energy

capacity to do work

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Genes

are units of information within an individual’s DNA.

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Reproduction

is the process by which an organism makes more of itself.

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Homeostasis

maintaining constant internal environment

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Development –

changes that take place from conception to death

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Growth

– increase in size or number of cells

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Evolution

is the change in frequency of traits in populations and species.

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taxonomy

– the way that we organize and group organisms to better identify them

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why are microscopes required to study and understand cells?

Because Most cells are smaller than 1mm and Some cells are as small as 1 micrometer

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why can’t cells be larger (think about the surface area vs volume ratio – look at figure 3.2 on page 46)

because surface area can affect the ability to get materials in and out of the cell

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structure of eukaryotic cells

……….

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plasma membrane

surrounds plasma membrane, regulated entrance and exit

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nucleus

command center of cell

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nucleoli

small ran containing particle for synthesis of protein

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RER

has ribosomes that help make proteins

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SER

lacks ribosomes, makes fat molecules

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Golgi body

processeds, packages and ships modified proteins

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Lysosomes

membrane-enclosed vesicles involved in digestion

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Vacuoles

stores water in plants

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Peroxisomes

vesicles involved fatty acid metabolism

mitochondria

organelle that carries out cellular respiration

chloroplasts

uses solar energy to synthesize

golgi aparatus

received from ER

chloroplast

photosynthesis in plants and algae

stroma

fluid filled in the spa

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Mitochondria

contains DNA | -site of cellular respiration

Matrix

inner fluid filled space

Cristae

inner fold

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were taken up by a larger cell

transmembrane protein

goes across membrane

Peripheral

can only be seen on one side

channel Protein

bridge; moves things from one side to another

glycoprotein

carb attached to protein

glycolipid

-carb on lipid

cholesterol

attached to top of protein

extracellular matrix

- everything stuck outside of the cell membrane | - helps communicate w/ outside world)

receptor protein

sends messages inside of the cel when the right shape binds to it

enzymatic protein

catalyzes a specific rxn

what molecules cannot penetrate the membrane

water molecules

active transport

requires energy

passive transport

doesn't require energy

diffusion

movement from high concentration to low concentration

osmosis

movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

requires help from carrier protein

isotonic

equal concentration

hypotonic

more water, less solute

hypertonic

more solute, less water

osmotic pressure

pressure for water to

autotroph

makes its own food through photosynthesis

heterotroph

gets food from different source

enzyme

speeds up rxn

stimuli

whats being exposed to, to cause a response

adaptation

an adjustment environmental change

evolution

change over time

Interphase

growth or replication of material occurs

Prophase

nuclear envelope breaks and DNA will condense. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

Metaphase

chromosomes are lined up

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled apart

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms and DNA decondenses | *cleavage furrow forms....in plants cell plate is formed

Cytokinesis

splitting of cell after telophase

Mitosis

somatic....cell division

Meiosis

Reproduction of sex cells...sperm and egg

Mitosis cell distribution

starts with 46 and after replication ends with 46 chromosomes (diploid)

Meiosis cell distribution

starts with 46 chromosomes and after replicating forms daughter cells of 23 chromosomes (haploid)

Cell cycle Phases

g1,s,g2