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BIO TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

motion energy

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3
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in chemical compounds and is released from a chemical rxn.

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4
Q

mechanical energy

A

the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that does work.

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5
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
-Energy cannot be changed to another without a loss of usable energy

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6
Q

Entropy

A

Second law of thermodynamics

  • Energy transformation makes the universe less organism and more disorder
  • chaos and disorder
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7
Q

ATP

A

..

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8
Q

Free energy

A

The amount of energy available

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9
Q

How is free energy calculated

A

I subtract the energy of the reactants from that of the products

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10
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released and Delta G negative

-Products have less free energy reactance

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11
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires input of energy and Delta G is positive

-Products have more free energy than reactants

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12
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Every step of the metabolic pathway has a different enzyme that is unique to the previous substrate

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13
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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14
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

Is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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16
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen= Co2 + water + ATP

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17
Q

Reactants of CR

A

Oxygen and glucose

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18
Q

Products of CR

A

Water, carbon dioxide and Energy

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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21
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle

A

Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn

  • Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
  • cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s are produced per glucose
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22
Q

ETC

A

Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule

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23
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur

A

Matrix

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24
Q

Where does ETC occur

A

The cristae

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25
Phases of cellular respiration
- glycolysis - preparatory reaction - citric acid cycle - ETC
26
Heterotroph
Feed on other organisms
27
Autotrophs
Carry out photosynthesis, make their own energy
28
Photosynthesis
Convert solar energy into chemical energy
29
Equation of photosynthesis
Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
30
Are there a lot of pigment chlorophyll
There are many pigments of chlorophyll
31
White light
The latency is the lightning but all other wavelength lights are being absorbed
32
Stomata
Carbon dioxide enters through opening in leaves
33
Chlorophyll
green pigment reflected in plants
34
Thylakoid
Different membrane system in the stroma in forms of sacs
35
Stroma
The area around stacks of Grana
36
Grana
Stacks of thylakoid
37
Just the light dependent reactions occur
In the thylakoid
38
Does this Calvin cycle require light
No
39
Tissues
Similar cells that perform a common function in the body
40
What are the four types of tissues
- epithelial - connective tissue - muscle tissue - nervous tissue
41
Different classifications of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar Simple=One layer Stratified = multiple layers
42
Different types of connective tissue
- loose fibrous connective tissues - dense fibrous connective tissue - Adipose tissue - reticular connective tissue - bone - blood
43
Extracellular matrix
Non-cellular material that carries inconsistency | -made of fibers + ground substance
44
Three types of fiber
- collagen Elastic Reticular
45
Collagen
Protein that gives flexibility and strength
46
Elastic
Protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic
47
Reticular
Thin, highly branched collagen fibers that form supporting network
48
Three types of muscle
- skeletal - smooth - cardiac
49
Skeletal Muscle
- has striated cells with multiple nuclei - occurs in muscles attached to skeleton - functions in voluntary movement
50
Smooth Muscle
- has spindle – shaped cells with a single nucleus - cells have no striations - found in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract - is involuntary
51
Cardiac muscle
Has branching, striated cells, each with the single nucleus - occurs in the walls of the heart - functions in the pumping of blood - is in voluntary
52
Nerve tissue
Contains neurons (nerve cells) and his present in the brain and spinal cord
53
Neuroglia
- out numbers neurons 9 to 1 | - support and nourish neurons
54
Endocrine gland
Things are secreted into the blood
55
Exocrine gland
Things are secreted out
56
Three types of epithelial cell junctions
- tight junction - Gap junction - adhesion junction
57
Tight junction
Forms of in permeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane protein actually join,
58
Gap junction
Forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join
59
Adhesion junction
Adjacent plasma membrane's do not touch but I held together by intracellular filaments firmly attached cytoplasmic plaques
60
Dorsal
Means towards the back
61
Ventral
Means towards the front
62
Superior
Means towards the head
63
Posterior cavity
Means towards the feet
64
Medial
Is closer to the body midline
65
Lateral
Is away from the body midline
66
Dorsal cavity
-cranial cavity- within the skull | -
67
Name all 11 organ systems
integumentary system Cardiovascular Lymphatic and immune system- Digestive Respitory- Urinary skeletal system- Muscular- Nervous system- Endocrine- Reproductive-
68
integumentary system
- skin/ hair/ nails
69
Cardiovascular-
transports blood nutrients, gases, and wastes
70
Lymphatic and immune system
- helps fight diseases, fluid balancing
71
Digestive-
digest food, ingest food, absorb nutrients, eliminates waste
72
Respitory-
maintaining breathing
73
Urinary-
excreting waste, kidney
74
skeletal system-
structure, protects body parts
75
Muscular-
attached to bones to help move
76
Nervous system-
brain and spinal chord
77
Endocrine system
glands and produces hormones
78
Reproductive system
main focus is reproduction
79
sensor
detects
80
effector
thing that is working to fix the problem
81
what does a systematic disease do?
affects the body | ex. flu
82
what does a local disease do?
restricted to one part of the body | ex. burns, warts
83
what is a chronic disease?
long term, less severe sometimes, develops slowly
84
what is an acute disease?
- occurs suddenly | - usually short duration

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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