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Bio 101 > BIO TEST 2 > Flashcards

BIO TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

motion energy

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3
Q

Chemical energy

A

stored in chemical compounds and is released from a chemical rxn.

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4
Q

mechanical energy

A

the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that does work.

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5
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
-Energy cannot be changed to another without a loss of usable energy

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6
Q

Entropy

A

Second law of thermodynamics

  • Energy transformation makes the universe less organism and more disorder
  • chaos and disorder
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7
Q

ATP

A

..

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8
Q

Free energy

A

The amount of energy available

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9
Q

How is free energy calculated

A

I subtract the energy of the reactants from that of the products

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10
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released and Delta G negative

-Products have less free energy reactance

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11
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires input of energy and Delta G is positive

-Products have more free energy than reactants

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12
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Every step of the metabolic pathway has a different enzyme that is unique to the previous substrate

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13
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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14
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

Is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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16
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen= Co2 + water + ATP

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17
Q

Reactants of CR

A

Oxygen and glucose

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18
Q

Products of CR

A

Water, carbon dioxide and Energy

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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21
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle

A

Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn

  • Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
  • cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s are produced per glucose
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22
Q

ETC

A

Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule

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23
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur

A

Matrix

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24
Q

Where does ETC occur

A

The cristae

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25
Q

Phases of cellular respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • preparatory reaction
  • citric acid cycle
  • ETC
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26
Q

Heterotroph

A

Feed on other organisms

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27
Q

Autotrophs

A

Carry out photosynthesis, make their own energy

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28
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy

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29
Q

Equation of photosynthesis

A

Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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30
Q

Are there a lot of pigment chlorophyll

A

There are many pigments of chlorophyll

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31
Q

White light

A

The latency is the lightning but all other wavelength lights are being absorbed

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32
Q

Stomata

A

Carbon dioxide enters through opening in leaves

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33
Q

Chlorophyll

A

green pigment reflected in plants

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34
Q

Thylakoid

A

Different membrane system in the stroma in forms of sacs

35
Q

Stroma

A

The area around stacks of Grana

36
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid

37
Q

Just the light dependent reactions occur

A

In the thylakoid

38
Q

Does this Calvin cycle require light

A

No

39
Q

Tissues

A

Similar cells that perform a common function in the body

40
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
41
Q

Different classifications of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple=One layer
Stratified = multiple layers

42
Q

Different types of connective tissue

A
  • loose fibrous connective tissues
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • reticular connective tissue
  • bone
  • blood
43
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Non-cellular material that carries inconsistency

-made of fibers + ground substance

44
Q

Three types of fiber

A
  • collagen
    Elastic
    Reticular
45
Q

Collagen

A

Protein that gives flexibility and strength

46
Q

Elastic

A

Protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic

47
Q

Reticular

A

Thin, highly branched collagen fibers that form supporting network

48
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
49
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • has striated cells with multiple nuclei
  • occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
  • functions in voluntary movement
50
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • has spindle – shaped cells with a single nucleus
  • cells have no striations
  • found in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract
  • is involuntary
51
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Has branching, striated cells, each with the single nucleus

  • occurs in the walls of the heart
  • functions in the pumping of blood
  • is in voluntary
52
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Contains neurons (nerve cells) and his present in the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • out numbers neurons 9 to 1

- support and nourish neurons

54
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Things are secreted into the blood

55
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Things are secreted out

56
Q

Three types of epithelial cell junctions

A
  • tight junction
  • Gap junction
  • adhesion junction
57
Q

Tight junction

A

Forms of in permeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane protein actually join,

58
Q

Gap junction

A

Forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join

59
Q

Adhesion junction

A

Adjacent plasma membrane’s do not touch but I held together by intracellular filaments firmly attached cytoplasmic plaques

60
Q

Dorsal

A

Means towards the back

61
Q

Ventral

A

Means towards the front

62
Q

Superior

A

Means towards the head

63
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Means towards the feet

64
Q

Medial

A

Is closer to the body midline

65
Q

Lateral

A

Is away from the body midline

66
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

-cranial cavity- within the skull

-

67
Q

Name all 11 organ systems

A

integumentary system

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic and immune system-

Digestive

Respitory-

Urinary

skeletal system-

Muscular-

Nervous system-

Endocrine-

Reproductive-

68
Q

integumentary system

A
  • skin/ hair/ nails
69
Q

Cardiovascular-

A

transports blood nutrients, gases, and wastes

70
Q

Lymphatic and immune system

A
  • helps fight diseases, fluid balancing
71
Q

Digestive-

A

digest food, ingest food, absorb nutrients, eliminates waste

72
Q

Respitory-

A

maintaining breathing

73
Q

Urinary-

A

excreting waste, kidney

74
Q

skeletal system-

A

structure, protects body parts

75
Q

Muscular-

A

attached to bones to help move

76
Q

Nervous system-

A

brain and spinal chord

77
Q

Endocrine system

A

glands and produces hormones

78
Q

Reproductive system

A

main focus is reproduction

79
Q

sensor

A

detects

80
Q

effector

A

thing that is working to fix the problem

81
Q

what does a systematic disease do?

A

affects the body

ex. flu

82
Q

what does a local disease do?

A

restricted to one part of the body

ex. burns, warts

83
Q

what is a chronic disease?

A

long term, less severe sometimes, develops slowly

84
Q

what is an acute disease?

A
  • occurs suddenly

- usually short duration

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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