BIO TEST 2 Flashcards
Potential energy
stored energy
Kinetic energy
motion energy
Chemical energy
stored in chemical compounds and is released from a chemical rxn.
mechanical energy
the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that does work.
Law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
-Energy cannot be changed to another without a loss of usable energy
Entropy
Second law of thermodynamics
- Energy transformation makes the universe less organism and more disorder
- chaos and disorder
ATP
..
Free energy
The amount of energy available
How is free energy calculated
I subtract the energy of the reactants from that of the products
Exergonic
Energy is released and Delta G negative
-Products have less free energy reactance
Endergonic
Requires input of energy and Delta G is positive
-Products have more free energy than reactants
Metabolic pathway
Every step of the metabolic pathway has a different enzyme that is unique to the previous substrate
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Reduction
Gain of electrons
Metabolism
Is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Cellular respiration formula
Glucose + oxygen= Co2 + water + ATP
Reactants of CR
Oxygen and glucose
Products of CR
Water, carbon dioxide and Energy
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytoplasm
What is glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
What happens in the Krebs cycle
Series of oxidative reactions occur that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn
- Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters cycle
- cycle turns twice because 2 acetyl CoA’s are produced per glucose
ETC
Makes 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule
Where does the krebs cycle occur
Matrix
Where does ETC occur
The cristae
Phases of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- preparatory reaction
- citric acid cycle
- ETC
Heterotroph
Feed on other organisms
Autotrophs
Carry out photosynthesis, make their own energy
Photosynthesis
Convert solar energy into chemical energy
Equation of photosynthesis
Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Are there a lot of pigment chlorophyll
There are many pigments of chlorophyll
White light
The latency is the lightning but all other wavelength lights are being absorbed
Stomata
Carbon dioxide enters through opening in leaves
Chlorophyll
green pigment reflected in plants
Thylakoid
Different membrane system in the stroma in forms of sacs
Stroma
The area around stacks of Grana
Grana
Stacks of thylakoid
Just the light dependent reactions occur
In the thylakoid
Does this Calvin cycle require light
No
Tissues
Similar cells that perform a common function in the body
What are the four types of tissues
- epithelial
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
Different classifications of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple=One layer
Stratified = multiple layers
Different types of connective tissue
- loose fibrous connective tissues
- dense fibrous connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- bone
- blood
Extracellular matrix
Non-cellular material that carries inconsistency
-made of fibers + ground substance
Three types of fiber
- collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Collagen
Protein that gives flexibility and strength
Elastic
Protein that is not as strong as collagen but more elastic
Reticular
Thin, highly branched collagen fibers that form supporting network
Three types of muscle
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
- has striated cells with multiple nuclei
- occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
- functions in voluntary movement
Smooth Muscle
- has spindle – shaped cells with a single nucleus
- cells have no striations
- found in blood vessel walls and walls of digestive tract
- is involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Has branching, striated cells, each with the single nucleus
- occurs in the walls of the heart
- functions in the pumping of blood
- is in voluntary
Nerve tissue
Contains neurons (nerve cells) and his present in the brain and spinal cord
Neuroglia
- out numbers neurons 9 to 1
- support and nourish neurons
Endocrine gland
Things are secreted into the blood
Exocrine gland
Things are secreted out
Three types of epithelial cell junctions
- tight junction
- Gap junction
- adhesion junction
Tight junction
Forms of in permeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane protein actually join,
Gap junction
Forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join
Adhesion junction
Adjacent plasma membrane’s do not touch but I held together by intracellular filaments firmly attached cytoplasmic plaques
Dorsal
Means towards the back
Ventral
Means towards the front
Superior
Means towards the head
Posterior cavity
Means towards the feet
Medial
Is closer to the body midline
Lateral
Is away from the body midline
Dorsal cavity
-cranial cavity- within the skull
-
Name all 11 organ systems
integumentary system
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune system-
Digestive
Respitory-
Urinary
skeletal system-
Muscular-
Nervous system-
Endocrine-
Reproductive-
integumentary system
- skin/ hair/ nails
Cardiovascular-
transports blood nutrients, gases, and wastes
Lymphatic and immune system
- helps fight diseases, fluid balancing
Digestive-
digest food, ingest food, absorb nutrients, eliminates waste
Respitory-
maintaining breathing
Urinary-
excreting waste, kidney
skeletal system-
structure, protects body parts
Muscular-
attached to bones to help move
Nervous system-
brain and spinal chord
Endocrine system
glands and produces hormones
Reproductive system
main focus is reproduction
sensor
detects
effector
thing that is working to fix the problem
what does a systematic disease do?
affects the body
ex. flu
what does a local disease do?
restricted to one part of the body
ex. burns, warts
what is a chronic disease?
long term, less severe sometimes, develops slowly
what is an acute disease?
- occurs suddenly
- usually short duration
