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Thanatology 2 > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

1
Q

Observe social structures, interpersonal relationships, human thinking, feeling and behavior as it relates to funeral service.

A

Funeral service sociology

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2
Q

The name is derived from the Greek god of death: Thanatos. It is the study of death and dying.

A

Thanatology

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3
Q
  • Not a synonym for social sciences
  • Only one branch of the social sciences
  • Greek philosophers of ancient times are credited as the founding fathers of social science.
A

Sociology

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4
Q

A family’s attitude towards death determines what type of funeral merchandise is purchased, their social behaviors and their needs. The needs are faced at the arrangement conference.
- Sociology for this begins with the arrangement conference and ends with the final disposition.

A

Funeral Service

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5
Q

The study of social groups, their modes of organization, the processes which tend to maintain or change those forms, and the relationships between the groups.

  • The science of social groups, the processes that tend to maintain or change these forms of organization and the relations between groups.
  • The science that deals wit the various social groups which we encounter in our world today.
A

Sociology (3 different definitions)

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6
Q
  • We address ourselves specifically to the funeral and disposition of human remains with the various social groups that a funeral director will serve.
  • Funeral service has evolved as changes have occurred throughout the country. We now do video tributes, post to social pages, etc. which wasn’t heard of 10 years ago.
  • Every family is unique and the funeral director must see their needs. He/she must be responsible to their tangible and intangible needs.
A

Funeral Service Sociology

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7
Q

Credited as the founding fathers of this field of social science in ancient times.

A

Greek Philosophers

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8
Q
  • Every one of these is unique.
  • Each will have its own individual wants and needs which a funeral director must meet.
  • There are times these will have conflicting needs and the funeral director must be able to handle this type of situation.
  • Requests cane be tangible or intangible
A

Families

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9
Q

Can be seen or touched.

A

Tangible requests

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10
Q

Goodwill.

A

Intangible requests

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11
Q
  • Another branch of social sciences
  • Closely related to sociology but not the same.
  • Begins at the time of the death (and sometimes anticipated death) and ends with acceptance of the death.
A

Psychology

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12
Q

Needs and wants of the families are based on the background and culture of the family.

  • Mores
  • Folkways
  • Customs
A

Family background and culture

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13
Q
  • Must behaviors
  • Rules or behaviors which are considered vital to the welfare of the group and accompanied by relatively severe sanctions.
  • The basic and most important patterns of ideas and acts of people as related to treatment of the dead which call for strong reaction from society if violated.
A

Mores

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14
Q
  • Informal practices
  • Behaviors which when violated carry only informal sanctions such as scolding or ridicule.
  • Behaviors that are construed as somewhat less compulsive than mores of the same society, and do not call for strong reaction from the society if violated.
A

Folkways

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15
Q
  • Social behaviors
  • A social behavior which is considered to be normal and is based on tradition.
  • Social behavior is dictated by the tradition of the people.
A

Customs

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16
Q

True or false:

Mores, folkways and customs determine a family’s funeral customs.

A

True

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17
Q
  • Must be well versed in the mores, folkways and customs of the clientele he/she serves. He/she should have a basic idea of all the various religious clientele he/she might serve.
  • Must be able to immediately put his/her hands on information regarding mores, folkways and customs if not totally familiar with such.
  • Must understand the funeral customs of subcultures.
  • Blended families can possibly mean one or several subcultures.
A

The funeral Director

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18
Q
  • The learning process begins at this age - either direct or indirect.
A

Birth

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19
Q

The acquiring of the culture by a person through deliberate instruction by other members of that society.

A

Direct learning

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20
Q

A process by which a person learns the norms of the culture by observation of other.

A

Indirect learning

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21
Q
  • A system of abstract patterns of and for both the living and dying which are learned directly or indirectly.
  • Unique and distinctive way of life- a pattern for each individual within a particular one of these.
  • Regulates the ideas and beliefs shared in common by members of one’s society.
  • Created by the group in which one is living and imposed on every member of the group.
A

Culture

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22
Q
  • Divisions of the culture, but still associated with it.
  • Distinctive traits
  • Unique thoughts and ideas
  • Still have some uniform beliefs
  • A division of smaller identifiable unit of a culture, connected to that culture by common traits, having unique traits to itself.
A

Subculture

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23
Q
  • The funeral rite itself can be called a social function.
  • It is a cultural universal because some type of response to death is found in every culture.
  • The funeral director must examine and understand the social structure of the family’s society.
  • They reflect both modern and contemporary tendencies.
A

4 key points of the funeral rites

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24
Q
  • Socialization
  • The process by which each individual learns about the accepted social values and activities important to his/her culture.
  • The method by which social values are internalized (learned)
  • The process by which a person learns the social values of a society.
  • Dictates what people can (and more importantly) cannot do in regards to death and the funeral rite.
  • these dictates become custom.
A

Enculturation

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25
Q
  • A social behavior concerning death as directed by the tradition of the people involved.
  • A social behavior which is considered to be normal and is based on tradition.
  • Decision to follow custom is let up to the family.
A

Custom

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26
Q

A must behavior that tells individuals to abstain from certain dealings with death.
- A social prohibition of certain actions; behavior which dictates that one must abstain from certain acts.

A

Taboos

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27
Q
  • The change from rural to urban areas.
  • The change from rural to urban in character.
  • Loss of identity of the individual.
  • Decrease of the importance of an individual.
A

Urbanization

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28
Q
  • Common traits or patterns within a culture.
  • Abstract patterns for living and dying which are identifiable in all cultures.
  • Rules and regulations for orderly living (government).
  • Establishment of a family (marriage)
  • Response to death of a member in the culture (funeral rites).
A

Cultural Universals

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29
Q
  • The feeling that one’s culture is superior to others.

- The emotional attitude that one’s own race, nation, group, or culture is superior to all others.

A

Ethnocentrism

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30
Q
  • The funeral director must understand these values and make certain he/she provides a service that meets these needs.
  • I.e.- Masonic services, fraternity/sorority services, knights of columbus, etc.
  • The costumes/uniforms, symbolism, space for rite, time for rite, etc.
A

Ethnocentrism and funeral service

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31
Q

Any type of rite where the body of the deceased is present.

A

Funeral

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32
Q

Any type of rite where the body of the deceased is not present.

A

Memorial Service

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33
Q

All inclusive term to describe either a funeral or memorial service coined by sociologists.

A

Funeral rite

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34
Q
  • A well defined ritual or ceremony which is based on either religious beliefs or the social customs of the family involved.
  • Those funeral rites that follow a prescribed ritual which may be dictated by religious beliefs or social customs.
A

Traditional Funeral Rites

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35
Q
  • Any funeral rite devoid of any religious connotation.

- Oftentimes led by a family member or friend of the deceased.

A

Humanistic Funeral Service

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36
Q
  • Non traditional funeral service.
  • A rite adjusted to the needs of the family or the trends of the time.
  • Honoring the deceased with an altered service that suits their needs or the trends of the time.
  • A funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; one that has been altered to suit the trends of the times.
A

Adaptive Funeral Service

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37
Q
  • Any funeral service devoid of any religious connotation.

- Oftentimes led by a family member or friend of the deceased.

A

Humanistic Funeral Service

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38
Q
  • The disposition of the body of a deceased without any form of funeral rite at that time.
  • Any disposition of human remains which is completely devoid of any form of funeral rite at the time of disposition.
  • Any disposition of a head human body, either by means of burial or cremation, with no form of funeral rite at the time of disposition.
A

Immediate disposition

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39
Q
  • A rite that can be identified with pre-literate (before the written word) society.
  • A funeral rite which may be construed as being identifiable with a pre-literate society.
A

Primitive Funeral Rite

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40
Q
  • Procedures involving death that are required by those who govern.
  • A must behavior, not necessarily a basic or important pattern of people (related to death) but one which is enforced by those governing; a rule of action prescribed by an authority able to enforce its will.
A

Law

41
Q
  • Specific step and regulations to carry out the law.
  • A specific method or procedure used to comply with a folkway, mores and/or law.
  • Specific methods of procedure.
A

Rules

42
Q
  • A system of patterns, other than customs and laws, which influence death in our society.
  • A culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of sacred beliefs, emotional feelings accompanying the beliefs and overt conduct presumably implementing the beliefs and feelings.
A

Religion

43
Q
  • Any event performed in a solemn and prescribed manner.

- Any specific act or function dealing with death or funeral customs.

A

Rite

44
Q
  • Action performed during a rite which may or may not have symbolic meaning to the participants or observers of the action.
  • An instrumental action dealing with death which is also expressional. Charged with symbolic content expressing the attitudes of the participants and possibly the onlookers who may be regarding as co-beneficiaries.
A

Ritual/Ceremony

45
Q

Your clients, all efforts to meet their needs is the goal of funeral directors.

A

Family Unit

46
Q
  • At least 20-25 identifiable types exist.
  • Families take on ever changing make up.
  • 5 Major systems to understand in funeral service sociology.
A

Family systems

47
Q
  • Patriarchal governing style
  • Head of family passed from father to son.
  • Women subservient to the dominant male.
  • More self sufficient than other type of family systems.
  • Strong religious faith.
  • Usually conservative in thought, dress and actions.
  • Very little mobility
  • Usually large numbers.
A

Characteristics of the Extended (joint) Family

48
Q
  • One of the smallest possible family units.
  • Governing factor not always clearly defined
  • Can be patriarchal, matriarchal, or egalitarian.
  • Often both parents work outside the home contributing to financial needs.
  • More liberal in thought, dress and actions.
  • More mobile
  • Willing to relocate to another city or state for better climate, working conditions or opportunities.
  • Affect of death has greater impact.
  • Death of spouses leaves surviving spouse to raise the children.
  • Half of household income lost.
  • Less children so loss of one has greater impact.
  • More child oriented
A

Nuclear Family Characteristics

49
Q
  • Unique challenge for funeral directors
  • Surviving spouse making decisions which can be contrary to children or other relatives of the deceased spouse.
  • Determining which customs and/or traditions to follow.
  • Confusion in financial decisions.
A

Blended Family Implications

50
Q
  1. Self Actualization
  2. Esteem needs
  3. Social needs
  4. Safety needs
  5. Physiological Needs
A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

51
Q
  • Oxygen
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Water
  • Sleep
  • Elimination
  • Clothing
A

Physiological Needs

52
Q
  • Security
  • Stability
  • Order
  • Physical safety
  • Shelter for body warmth and protection
  • Sensory or motor stimulation
  • Stability and consistency in one’s life
A

Safety Needs

53
Q
  • Affection
  • Identification
  • Companionship
  • Love and belonging
  • Love
  • Approval and self esteem
  • Importance
  • Recognition and respect
  • Identification
  • Belonging
  • Education or learning
  • Religion or spiritual
  • Recreation or play
A

Social Needs/ Love

54
Q
  • Self esteem
  • Self recognition
  • Prestige
  • Success
  • Esteem of others
  • Recognition
  • Self sufficiency
  • Need to be wanted
  • Need to be needed
  • Productivity
A

Esteem Needs

55
Q
  • Self fulfillment
  • Achieving one’s capabilities
  • Beauty
  • Harmony
  • Spiritual
A

Self- Actualization

56
Q
  • Discipline- includes attitudes toward death and dying
  • Giving and receiving motivation
  • Establishment and fulfillment of mental expectations.
A

Responsibilities of the family

57
Q

When discipline, motivation, and mental expectations are not met:

  • Anger or bad feelings toward the funeral director
  • Funeral just another detail to be “handled”
  • Funeral director a reminder of the trauma the family is experiencing
  • Attitudes and values of two generations can clash
  • Relative not as physically involved as relatives are dying in institutions.
A

Issues with the funeral director

58
Q
  • Burial of dead no longer simple process
  • New laws and rules
  • Licensing requirements for funeral directors
  • Change in requirements for death certificates and permits
  • Casket changes- i.e. third party caskets
A

Industrialization Changes

59
Q
  • Health regulations
  • Licensing requirements
    • FTC
    • OSHA
    • EPA
    • ADS
    • MSBFD
    • VSBFD
    • DCBFD
    • National Board exam
      • Internships
      • State licensure
    • ICFSEB
    • ABSFE
A

Bureaucratization Impact

60
Q

Three areas of choice for a family when making arrangements

  • freedom of choice
  • Class or social level
  • Economic position of the family
A

Socioeconomics of funeral service

61
Q
  • Based on custom and enculturation the family may choose to have a traditional funeral, to cremate- with or without a service, or any combination of things including two funerals in two different cities because of urbanization
  • They may choose to get a casket from you, or through a third party provider.
  • They have have the luxury to choose to spend a lot or very little money.
A

Freedom of Choice

62
Q
  • This factor may determine what a family chooses to do but it doesn’t have to.
  • Persons on a certain social level may feel the need to do more or “purchase up” based on what the public will expect of them.
  • Class of social level is not defined in society today, but it is there nonetheless.
A

Class or Social Level

63
Q
  • Determines a lot!
  • Oftentimes those that can least afford it necessary to have things that make it appear that they have what they don’t.
  • Can be a factor due to enculturation, custom, etc.
  • Those that have a very strong economic position don’t always use it towards a funeral
A

Economic position of the family

64
Q
  • Listen, listen, listen!
  • Do not oversell- we are often accused of doing this
  • Explain options available to the family
  • Answer questions straightforward
A

Funeral Director’s Responsibility

65
Q
  • Can Impact items chosen for a particular funeral based on region lived in.
  • Ethnic concentrations and economic levels around various parts of the country make a difference in variations of the funeral rite.
A

Geographic Location

66
Q
  • Tendency to move away from the area a person was born and raised in.
A

Neo-localism

67
Q
  • Where the family used one funeral director when they lived in the same town, now two funeral directors may be involved.
  • Families may be unfamiliar with the funeral director in the new town, dependent upon how long they have been in the town and the occurrence of death in the family.
  • Funeral director needs to be alert when serving unfamiliar clients. Cane of great aid to the family.
A

Neo-localism and funeral service

68
Q
  • Each person’s grief pattern influences the experiences of others and the functioning of the family unit.
  • Characteristics of the family system and how they influence the family’s grief response
  • There are a variety of family structures
A

The family

69
Q
  • Husband
  • wife
  • Their unmarried children
  • All living together as a unit
A

Nuclear Family

70
Q
  • Created by marriage of one or both adults who have been married previously.
  • Aka stepfamily, blended family
  • Children in this family can be:
    • Biological (same parents)
    • Half siblings (one parent in common)
    • Step siblings (Remarriage of biological parent)
A

Remarried Families

71
Q
  • Married couple, their children, relatives of other generations.
    • Aunts, uncles, grandparents
  • Members may be living together in one household.
A

Extended family

72
Q
  • Heterosexual

- Same sex

A

Unmarried partners living together

73
Q
  • Basic task is food, clothing, shelter and security
  • Teach
  • Maintain Discipline
  • Give Direction
  • Motivation
A

Families exist to do these things

74
Q
  • Patriarchal
  • Matriarchal
  • Egalitarian
A

Family Governance

75
Q
  • Calls for reorganization
    • breadwinner
    • Nurturer/peacekeeper
  • The greater the roll, the greater the loss
  • Family will respond differently to
    • The loss of young adult parent than of an elderly grandparent
    • The loss of a troublemaker vs a caretaker
A

Death in the family

76
Q
  • Open family structures
  • Closed family structures
  • Random family structures
A

Kantor and Lehr 3 Basic Family Types

77
Q
  • Democratic
  • Allow honest exchange
  • Sense of order
  • Flexibility
  • Adaptation through consensus
  • Individual Rights are respected
  • Loyalty to self and family is expected

In grief: Provide tolerance

A

Open Family Structures

78
Q
  • Rules and hierarchical power structure
  • Individuals are subordinate their needs to the good of the group
  • Rigid daily schedules are likely
  • Seek stability through tradition

In grief: Rigidity and loyalty may dialog feelings as they relate to grief and may block communication.

A

Closed Family Structures

79
Q
  • More likely to do their own thing
  • Few rules if any
  • Fosters exploration though intuition

In grief: Inhibit the sharing of the reality of the death and the experience of loss.

A

Random Family Structures

80
Q
  • Through values, behavior and styles of living often are passed through generations to have acceptable emotions and ways of expressing them.
  • Men:
    • Most find it easier to mourn by themselves
    • They won’t show fear or insecurity
    • They see crying as falling apart
  • Can experience a range of feelings depending on each person’s relationship with the deceased and the implications of the death for the family unit.
  • Feelings can vary among families
    • One person may be angry
    • Another person may only be sad
    • Another person may be numb
A

Family Emotions

81
Q
  • Healthy families have a shared religious core
  • Faith in God plays a functional role in daily family life and strengthens the family support system.
  • Parents feel a strong responsibility for passing on the faith in positive, meaningful ways.
  • Healthy families abound in rituals and traditions.
  • These religious rituals can be clues as to how well the family deals with death and how they function together.
A

Family Spirituality, Religious Beliefs

82
Q
  • Family finances may dictate decisions about funeral options and burial places.
  • Connection and status in the community may be significant.
  • A family with close ties with friends, church, neighborhood, will have resources to help with emotional and physical needs.
  • A family closed off won’t have that kind of support
  • Cultural norms regarding bereavement also dictates resources and responses.
  • These norms are guidelines for what is expected and acceptable.
A

Family Resources

83
Q

More stoic approach to loss.

A

Germans

84
Q

Families may be more expressive.

A

Italians

85
Q

May prefer a no muss no fuss approach.

A

British Ancestry

86
Q
  • Consider death the most significant life cycle transition.
  • They go to great lengths to give the deceased a good send off, openly grieving and viewing the wake as a kind of party.
A

Irish

87
Q

Look at death as another phase of the life cycle, bringing about the rebirth of a human being.

A

Hindu

88
Q
  • Like the Irish, place great importance on going out in style with the funeral.
  • It’s the final opportunity to let the deceased to have dignity and status.
  • They emphasize funeral attendance.
A

African Americans

89
Q
  • Feel there are more important events than the funeral.

- People may not attend the funeral but pay a visit to the home (shivah)

A

Jewish

90
Q
  • Norm is a moderate level of emotional expression required.
  • May include depression but it should only last for a “reasonable” period of time. - a year or two for the death of a close relative.
A

America

91
Q
  • Will be different if the deceased in a young parent, midlife, or elderly.
  • Grieving a spouse will differ if it is a new marriage, long term marriage, or remarriage.
  • Sibling loss can be affected by the age of the deceased, age of the sibling, and birth order.
  • In general, experts believe the farther along in the life cycle, the less the degree of family stress associated with serious illness and death.
  • Death at any older age is seen as a natural process.
A

Family life cycle and loss

92
Q
  • Depleting emotionally, especially for the primary caregivers
  • Financial issues
  • Dilemma on life support efforts
  • Organ donation
A

Terminal Illness

93
Q
  • Accidental or violent
  • Family must deal with:
    • Shock
    • Disbelief
    • Unanticipated abrupt changes in lifestyle
    • no time to prepare for loss
    • No time to deal with unfinished business
    • No time to say goodbye
A

Sudden Death

94
Q

Trauma possible from body disfiguration.

A

Violent death

95
Q
  • Time consuming court cases

- Believe justice has not been served

A

Homicide

96
Q
  • Insecurity

- Feelings of vulnerability

A

Major Disaster

97
Q
  • Suicide
  • Drug Overdose
  • Alcohol related deaths
  • AIDS
A

Deaths not grieved openly

98
Q
  • Miscarriage
  • Stillbirth
  • Infant Death
A

Minimized Deaths

Thanatology 2 (35 decks)

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