Chapter 14- discovering psychology

Question 1

Troubling thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause psychological discomfort or interfere with a person’s ability to function.

Answer 1

Psychological disorder

Question 2

Drugs that are used to treat psychological or mental disorders.

Answer 2

Psychotropic medications

Question 3

Developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.

• Early childhood experiences provided the foundation for later personality development. (become repressed)
• Long-standing psychological conflicts are recognized and re-experienced.
• Free association
• Resistance
• Dream interpretation
• Interpretation
• Transference

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Pushed out of conscious awareness.

Answer 4

Repressed

Question 5

• Therapeutic contact lasts for no more than a few months
• The patient’s problems are quickly assessed at the beginning of therapy
• The therapist and patient agree on specific, concrete, and attainable goals.
• Therapists are more direct than psychoanalysts.
• Engage the patient in an active dialogue.

Answer 5

Short-term dynamic therapies

Question 6

Focuses on current relationships and social interactions.
First phase: The therapist identifies the interpersonal problem that is causing difficulties.
- unresolved grief
- Role disputes
- Role transitions
- Interpersonal deficits

Used to treat eating disorders and substance use disorders as well as major depressive disorder.

Answer 6

Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Question 7

Problems dealing with the death of significant others.

Answer 7

Unresolved grief

Question 8

Repetitive conflicts with significant others, such as the person’s partner, family members, friends, or co-workers.

Answer 8

Role disputes

Question 9

Problems involving major life changes, such as going away to college, becoming a parent, getting married or divorced, or retiring.

Answer 9

Role transitions

Question 10

Absent or faulty social skills that limit the ability to start or maintain healthy relationships with others.

Answer 10

Interpersonal deficits

Question 11

Emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and freedom of choice.

Answer 11

Humanistic perspective in psychology

Question 12

Contend that the most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.
- People are innately good and motivated by the need to grow psychologically.

Answer 12

Humanistic psychologists

Question 13

• Deliberately used the word client rather than patient.
• Patient implied that people are sick and were seeking treatment from an all-knowing authority figure who could heal or cure them.
• Client-centered therapy founder
• Believed that three qualities of the therapist were necessary:
  1. Genuineness
  2. Unconditional positive regard
  3. Empathic understanding
• Believed that people develop psychological problems largely because they an consistently experienced only conditional acceptance.

Answer 13

Carl Rogers

Question 14

Means that the therapist honestly and openly shares her thoughts and feelings with the client.

Answer 14

Genuineness

Question 15

The therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever her problems or behavior.
- Fosters the person’s natural tendency to move toward self-fulfilling decisions without fear of evaluation or rejection.

Answer 15

Unconditional positive regard

Question 16

Reflect the content and personal meaning of the feelings being experienced by the client.

• Creates a psychological mirror, reflecting the client’s thoughts and feelings as they exist in the client’s private inner world.
• Requires the therapist to listen actively for the personal meaning beneath the surface of what the client is saying.

Answer 16

Empathic understanding

Question 17

Rogers believed that when the therapeutic atmosphere contains genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding, change is more likely to occur. The client is moving in the direction towards this.

Answer 17

Self-actualization

Question 18

Designed to help clients overcome the mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change.

• More frequently applied to addictions, techniques to improve health
• More directive than traditional client-centered therapy
• When the client expresses reluctance, the therapist acknowledges the mixed feelings and redirects the emphasis toward change.

Answer 18

Motivational interviewing

Question 19

• Founder: Sigmund Freud
• Source of problems: Repressed, unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences
• Treatment techniques: free association, analysis of dream content, interpretation, and transference.
• Goals of therapy: To recognize, work through, and resolve long-standing conflicts.

Answer 19

Psychoanalysis

Question 20

• Founder: Carl Rogers
• Source of problems: Conditional acceptance that causes the person to develop a distorted self-concept and worldview.
• Treatment techniques: Nondirective therapists who displays unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding.
• Goals of therapy: To develop self-awareness, self- acceptance, and self-determination

Answer 20

Client-centered therapy

Question 21

• Founder: Based on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
• Source of problems: Learned maladaptive behavior patterns
• Treatment techniques: Systemic desensitization, virtual reality, aversive conditioning, reinforcement and extinction, token economy, contingency management interventions, observational learning
• Goals of therapy: To unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with adaptive, appropriate behaviors.

Answer 21

Behavior therapy

Question 22

One of John Watson’s students (little albert experiment) who wanted to explore ways to reverse conditioned fears.
- Counterconditioning
Widely regarded as one of the first behavioral psychologists.
Laid the groundwork for:
- Exposure therapy
- Systematic desensitization

Answer 22

Mary Cover Jones

Question 23

1. The patient learns progressive relaxation
2. The therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy (exposure hierarchy). The patient also develops an image of a relaxing control sense.
3. Involves the actual process of desensitization through exposure to feared experiences.
   - Works their way up the hierarchy
4. In vivo systematic desensitization

Answer 23

Systemic desensitization

Question 24

Involves successfully relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved.

Answer 24

Progressive relaxation

Question 25

A list of anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a hierarchy from least to most anxiety-producing.

Answer 25

Anxiety hierarchy (exposure hierarchy)

Question 26

An example is walking on a secluded beach on a sunny day.

Answer 26

Control scene

Question 27

Exposure to the actual feared situation.

Answer 27

In vivo systemic desensitization

Question 28

Involves patients visually following the waving finger of a therapist while simultaneously holding a mental image of disturbing memories, events, or situations.

Answer 28

Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)

Question 29

Developed the operant conditioning model of learning.

• Shaping
• Positive and negative reinforcement
• Extinction
• Baseline rate
• Token economy
• Contingency management

Answer 29

B.F. Skinner

Question 30

Based on the simple principal that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

Answer 30

Operant conditioning

Question 31

Involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. (operant conditioning)
- Used for mentally disabled by autism spectrum, intellectual disability, severe mental illness

Answer 31

Shaping

Question 32

Used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors.

Answer 32

Negative and positive reinforcement

Question 33

The absence of reinforcement, used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors.

Answer 33

Extinction

Question 34

How often each problem occurred before treatment began.

- Allows therapists to objectively measure the child’s progress.

Answer 34

Baseline rate

Question 35

A modified version of the token economy. Involves carefully specified behaviors that “earn” the individual concrete rewards.
- More narrowly focused on one or a small number of specific behaviors.

Answer 35

Contingency management

Question 36

“You largely feel the way you think”

• Trained as both a clinical psychologist and a psychoanalyst.
• Developed the rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
• people are not disturbed by things, rather their view of things.
• ABC model

Answer 36

Albert Ellis

Question 37

A: Activating event
B: Beliefs
C: Consequences.

• When an activating event occurs, it is the person’s beliefs about the event that cause the consequences.

Answer 37

ABC model

Question 38

1. It is a dire necessity for you to be loved or approved by virtually everyone in your community.
2. You must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects if you are to consider yourself worthwhile.
3. Certain people are bad, wicked, or villainous, and they should be severely blamed and punished for their villainy. You should become extremely upset over other people’s wrongdoings.
4. It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way you would very much like them to be.
5. Human unhappiness is extremely caused, and you have little or no ability to control your bad feelings and emotions.
6. It is easier to avoid than to face difficulties and responsibilities. Avoiding difficulties whenever possible is more likely to lead to happiness than facing difficulties.
7. You need to rely on someone stronger than yourself.
8. Your past history is an all-important determinant of your present behavior. Because something once strongly afflicted your life, it should indefinitely have similar effect.
9. You should become extremely upset over other people’s problems.
10. There is a single perfect solution to all human problems, and it is catastrophic if this perfect solution is not found.

Answer 38

Irrational Beliefs

Question 39

Initially trained as a psychoanalyst.

• Developed the cognitive theory (CT) out of his research on depression.
• Found his patients do not have a need to suffer.
• Depressed people have an extremely negative view of the past, present, and future.
• Negative cognitive bias
• Focuses on correcting the cognitive biases that underline major depressive disorder and other psychological disorders.
• Caused by distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs.

Answer 39

Aaron T. Beck

Question 40

Consistently distorting their experiences in a negative way.

Answer 40

Negative cognitive bias

Question 41

• Arbitrary inference
• Selective abstraction
• Overgeneralization
• Magnification and minimization
• Personalization

Answer 41

Types of cognitive biases

Question 42

1. Help the client learn to recognize and monitor the automatic thoughts that occur without conscious effort or control.
2. The therapists help the client learn how to empirically test the reality of the automatic thoughts that are so upsetting.
   - CT therapists act as a model
   - Collaboration
   - Used to treat MDD, anxiety disorders, BPD, eating disorders, PTSD, and relationship problems.

Answer 42

Steps in Cognitive therapy

Question 43

• Founder: Albert Ellis
• Source of problems: Irrational beliefs
• Treatment techniques: very directive - Identify, logically dispute, and challenge irrational beliefs.
• Goals of therapy: surrender of irrational beliefs and absolutist demands.

Answer 43

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Question 44

• Founder: Aaron T. Beck
• Source of problems: Unrealistic, distorted perceptions and interpretations of events due to cognitive biases.
• Treatment techniques: Directive collaboration - Teach client to monitor automatic thoughts, test accuracy of conclusions; correct distorted thinking and perception.
• Goals of therapy: Accurate and realistic perception of self, others, and external events.

Answer 44

Cognitive therapy (CT)

Question 45

Encourages the client to contribute to the evaluation of the logic and accuracy of automatic thoughts.

Answer 45

Collaboration