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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma

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2
Q

What kind of damage cannot be easily detected with a bone scan?

A

ligament damage

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3
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone cells; destroy bone matrix, formed from white blood cells

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4
Q

symphysis joint

A

joint in which connecting material is a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage

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5
Q

diarthroses joint

A

free movable joint

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6
Q

synovial membrane

A

innermost layer of articular capsule

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7
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis and converted into lactic acid

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8
Q

axons function

A

carry impulses from neuron cell body to another neuron or effector

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9
Q

subarachnoid space

A

the space between the arachnoid matter matter and pia matter

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10
Q

corpus callosum

A

NOT part of the spinal cord structure

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11
Q

In a reflex arc, what serves as the effector?

A

muscle or gland

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12
Q

What kind of reflexes happen in smooth muscles?

A

autonomic reflexes

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13
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls heart rate and force of heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels; does NOT store memories

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14
Q

What is referred to as the emotional brain?

A

limbic system

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15
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra

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16
Q

What is the other name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar division

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17
Q

T or F; ANS stimulation of involuntary effectors is always excitatory.

A

False

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18
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

originate in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord

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19
Q

In which division of the nervous system is there two neurons between the CNS and visceral effectors?

A

autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

T or F; In the sympathetic division, preganglionic fibers are longer than the postganglionic fibers.

A

False

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21
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

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22
Q

T or F; The axon of preganglionic neurons, autonomic ganglia, and post ganglionic neurons are all parts of the peripheral nervous system.

A

True

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23
Q

Dendrites of the postganglionic neurons from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is found in the _____________.

A

autonomic ganglia

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24
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

fingers and toes look white due to reduced blood flow

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25
Q

What are all involved in olfaction?

A

limbic system, hypothalamus, & temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What form the optic nerve?

A

axons from the ganglion neurons

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27
Q

LH: luteinizing hormone

A

pituitary hormone that stimulates testosterone production by the testes

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28
Q

hormone relation between anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex

A

increased ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulates increase cortisol from adrenal cortex

29
Q

In an average adult male, what the the amount of blood?

A

5-6 L of blood

30
Q

normal blood pH

A

between 7.35-7.45

31
Q

Where are worn out red blood cells phagocytized?

A

liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

32
Q

What produces the first heart sound?

A

closing of the atrioventricular valve

33
Q

Changes in blood pressure in the aorta and carotid sinus is detected by __________.

A

baroreceptors

34
Q

What is another name for “fluttering of the heart”?

A

palpitation

35
Q

capillaries structure

A

single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane

36
Q

Which receptors are involved in regulating blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and proprioceptors

37
Q

first degree burn

A

involves only the epidermis; mild pain and redness

38
Q

second degree burn

A

involved the epidermis and part of the dermis; redness, blister formation, edema, pain

39
Q

third degree burn

A

aka full thickness burn; involves the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer; most skin functions are lost

40
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

lipid bilayer: phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids; protein: integral, peripheral, and glyco-protein

41
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cell junctions; skin, lines body cavities and hollow organs, glands

42
Q

connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix; reticular and elastic and collagen fibers; support and strength

43
Q

Layers of the skin from top to bottom

A

corneum, lucidum, grandulosum, spinosum, basale

44
Q

white matter

A

aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord ; outer layer in spinal cord

45
Q

gray matter

A

areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; outer layer in brain

46
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

47
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nervous tissues outside of CNS

48
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic, autonomic, enteric

49
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, hyoid, auditoriy ossicles, vertebral column, thorax

50
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdles, upper limbs , pelvic girdles, lower limbs

51
Q

motor unit in skeletal muscle

A

all the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron

52
Q

Which organ/gland secretes ADH?

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

not under voluntary control; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) division

54
Q

What is the main cell type in the skin?

A

keratinocyte

55
Q

Which layers of epidermis contain living cells?

A

basale, spinosum, granulosum

56
Q

The dividing cells of a nail are located in the _____________.

A

nail matrix

57
Q

synovial fluid function

A

lubricates the joint

58
Q

deltoid muscle

A

prime abductor of the arm at the shoulder joint

59
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in the CNS

60
Q

Schwann cells

A

create the myelin sheath in the PNS

61
Q

four main regions of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon

62
Q

Which receptor detects the stretch in a stretch reflex?

A

muscle spindle

63
Q

lacrimal gland location and function

A

located in the superolateral orbit and produces tears

64
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae

65
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

66
Q

alimentary canal

A

esophagus, stomach, intestine

67
Q

T or F; The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum.

A

False

68
Q

pepsin

A

protein digesting enzymes produced by the stomach

69
Q

What are lipids absorbed into?

A

lacteals

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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