Final Review Flashcards
What is the most common form of cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
What kind of damage cannot be easily detected with a bone scan?
ligament damage
osteoclasts
bone cells; destroy bone matrix, formed from white blood cells
symphysis joint
joint in which connecting material is a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage
diarthroses joint
free movable joint
synovial membrane
innermost layer of articular capsule
anaerobic cellular respiration
pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis and converted into lactic acid
axons function
carry impulses from neuron cell body to another neuron or effector
subarachnoid space
the space between the arachnoid matter matter and pia matter
corpus callosum
NOT part of the spinal cord structure
In a reflex arc, what serves as the effector?
muscle or gland
What kind of reflexes happen in smooth muscles?
autonomic reflexes
medulla oblongata
controls heart rate and force of heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels; does NOT store memories
What is referred to as the emotional brain?
limbic system
Parkinson’s disease
caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra
What is the other name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
thoracolumbar division
T or F; ANS stimulation of involuntary effectors is always excitatory.
False
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
originate in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
In which division of the nervous system is there two neurons between the CNS and visceral effectors?
autonomic nervous system
T or F; In the sympathetic division, preganglionic fibers are longer than the postganglionic fibers.
False
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division
T or F; The axon of preganglionic neurons, autonomic ganglia, and post ganglionic neurons are all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
True
Dendrites of the postganglionic neurons from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is found in the _____________.
autonomic ganglia
Raynaud’s phenomenon
fingers and toes look white due to reduced blood flow
What are all involved in olfaction?
limbic system, hypothalamus, & temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
What form the optic nerve?
axons from the ganglion neurons
LH: luteinizing hormone
pituitary hormone that stimulates testosterone production by the testes
hormone relation between anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex
increased ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulates increase cortisol from adrenal cortex
In an average adult male, what the the amount of blood?
5-6 L of blood
normal blood pH
between 7.35-7.45
Where are worn out red blood cells phagocytized?
liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
What produces the first heart sound?
closing of the atrioventricular valve
Changes in blood pressure in the aorta and carotid sinus is detected by __________.
baroreceptors
What is another name for “fluttering of the heart”?
palpitation
capillaries structure
single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane
Which receptors are involved in regulating blood pressure?
baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and proprioceptors
first degree burn
involves only the epidermis; mild pain and redness
second degree burn
involved the epidermis and part of the dermis; redness, blister formation, edema, pain
third degree burn
aka full thickness burn; involves the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer; most skin functions are lost
structure of plasma membrane
lipid bilayer: phospholipid, cholesterol, glycolipids; protein: integral, peripheral, and glyco-protein
epithelial tissue
cell junctions; skin, lines body cavities and hollow organs, glands
connective tissue
extracellular matrix; reticular and elastic and collagen fibers; support and strength
Layers of the skin from top to bottom
corneum, lucidum, grandulosum, spinosum, basale
white matter
aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord ; outer layer in spinal cord
gray matter
areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; outer layer in brain
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
all nervous tissues outside of CNS
divisions of peripheral nervous system
somatic, autonomic, enteric
axial skeleton
skull, hyoid, auditoriy ossicles, vertebral column, thorax
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdles, upper limbs , pelvic girdles, lower limbs
motor unit in skeletal muscle
all the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron
Which organ/gland secretes ADH?
hypothalamus
autonomic nervous system
not under voluntary control; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) division
What is the main cell type in the skin?
keratinocyte
Which layers of epidermis contain living cells?
basale, spinosum, granulosum
The dividing cells of a nail are located in the _____________.
nail matrix
synovial fluid function
lubricates the joint
deltoid muscle
prime abductor of the arm at the shoulder joint
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath in the CNS
Schwann cells
create the myelin sheath in the PNS
four main regions of the brain
cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon
Which receptor detects the stretch in a stretch reflex?
muscle spindle
lacrimal gland location and function
located in the superolateral orbit and produces tears
Where are taste buds located?
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae
What are the granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
alimentary canal
esophagus, stomach, intestine
T or F; The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum.
False
pepsin
protein digesting enzymes produced by the stomach
What are lipids absorbed into?
lacteals
