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final review Flashcards

1
Q

what do slps and auds do and what are the requierements for each

A

slp: speech, language, voice etc
-masters, 9 mo fellowship, 400 hrs supervised clinical work, praxis, ccc-slp
aud: balance and hearing
-doctorate, 1820 hrs fellowship, ccc-a

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2
Q

5 principles of brain organization

A

plasticity, hierarchical org, sensitive period, specialisaztion, interconnectivity

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3
Q

3 traditional language domains

A

content: semantics–meaning and vocab
form: syntax (sentences), morphology (words), phonology (sounds)
use: pragmatics (social skills etc)

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4
Q

grices maxims

A

quantity: how much
quality: truthfulness
relevance: on topic
manner: how you say it

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5
Q

joint attention

A

6-9 months
simultaneous focus on same object

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6
Q

overextension

A

16 mo
one word for all things in the category

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6
Q

overextension

A

16 mo
one word for all things in the category

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7
Q

decontextualized language

A

preschool
outside of hear and now

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8
Q

what’s the purpose of differents types of assessments?

A

screenings: short, to see if further testing is needed
standarized tests: to diagnose someone
questionaires: other contexts you cant see
observational: you do it

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9
Q

developmental language disorder

A

impaired comprehension and or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol system (semantics, syntax, pragmatics)
-what’s hard: telling a narrative, reading, writing, talking, understanding facial expressions, anticipating emotions of others
-cause: we don’t know
-prevalence: 7% of kindergarteners

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10
Q

autism spectrum disorder

A

difficulties in 2 areas: social communication/interaction, repetitive behaviors and restricted interests
causes: we don’t know

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11
Q

intelletual disability

A

deficits in: intellectual functining and adaptive behaviors– must be identified by age 18
-compensatory treatment: strategies other than language (pictures etc)
-remedial treatment: treating the language directly

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12
Q

aphasia

A

acquired disorder of loss of language. can affect all language modalities (reading, writing, speaking, listening)–damage ot left hemisphere (stroke, TBI)

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13
Q

fluent vs nonfluent aphasia

A

f: longer phrases
logorrhea (excessive talkitiveness)
paraphasias (wernicke’s–comprehension)
nf: short phrases, agrammatisms, labored/effortful speech (broca’s–expression)

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14
Q

right hemisphere dysfunction

A

damage to right hemishpere of brain
-anosognosia (deficit in self awareness)
-social comminication problems (fine speech and language, bad grice’s maxims)
-left neglect
-difficulty with problem solving, reasoning, abstract thought

( someone with RHD will not have aphasia!!!)

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15
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

injury to brain from external impact (3 types)
open, closed, polytrauma

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16
Q

symptoms of an mTBI

A

-blurred vision
-slurred speech
-dizziness
-vomiting
-confusion
-ringing in ears
-nausea
-headaches

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17
Q

ssd disorders

A

impairment of they sound system that is a significant problem with speech sound production causing it differ from they demographic

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18
Q

articulation disorders vs phonological

A

articulation: correct perceptual target, can’t position articulators
phonological: incorrect perceptual target, consistent rule-based errors

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19
Q

apraxia vs dysarthria

A

apraxia: motor programming, inconsistent errors
-slow rate of speech
-distorted sounds
-imparied prosody (stress issues)
dysarthria: motor execution, consistent errors and distortion

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20
Q

who is most at risk for a voice disorder?

A

people who talk a lot
women

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21
Q

perceptual measures of voice

A

loudness: intensity
pitch: frequency
quality: how it sounds (gravely, etc)

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22
Q

how is pitch impacted by the shape of the vf?

A

if they are longer/thinner (stretched) there will be higher pitch
if they are short/thicker (not stretched) the pitch will be lower

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23
Q

three categories within voice disorders and what types fall under them?

A

neurogenic: problem with the nervous system
-spasmodic dysphonia
-vocal fold paralysis
structural: structurally wrong with vf
-nodules, polyps, granulomas
-laryngectomy
functional:no neurogenic/structural cause
-mutational falsettor
-muscle tension dysphonia

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24
vocal nodules
bilateral caused by phonotrauma develop gradually over time callous-like treatment: behavioral voice therapy
25
vocal polyps
unilateral, fluid or blood fillded/vasular caused by phontrauma can develop in single instance blister like treatment; surgery, bvt
26
granulomas
large, unilateral lesions posterior portion of vocal fold! caused by GERD/phonotrauma treatment: GERD management and bvt
27
granulomas
large, unilateral lesions posterior portion of vocal fold! caused by GERD/phonotrauma treatment: GERD management and bvt
28
laryngectomy
partial or total removal of larynx
29
mutational falsetto
cause: psychology higher voice than expected for age treatment: laryngeal resposturing/bvt
30
muscle tension dysphonia
cause: excess tension treatment: laryngeal reposturing/bvt
31
spasmodic dysphonia
cause: laryngeal nerve misfiring 2 types: abductor: seperated too often---breathy adductor: come together too often---strained, strangled treatment: botox injection
32
vocal fold paralysis
cause: nerve damage treatment: surgery-- implants or repositioning of folds
33
fluency disorders
atypical disruption ot the forward flow of speech
34
core features of stuttering
repetitions (re-re-repetition) prolongation (prolooooongation) blocks (bl--ock)
35
secondary behaviors of stuttering
-learned blinking, starter devices, head jerk, avoiding social situation
36
risk factors for a fluency disorder
family history gender (more males!) neuroanatomical differences (deficits in the white matter tracts that support orofacial movement) high self awareness to speech traumatic event
37
treatments: fluency shaping vs stuttering modification
fs: eradicate disfluencies (make them have less stuttering instances) sm: change the idsfluencies ot make them easier (addresses thoughts and feelings)
38
how to talk to someone who stutters
focus on what they are saying not how they are saying it
39
what about children and disfluency
5% of children go through a disfluent stage (75% will recover)
40
dysphagia
unsafe or inefficient swallowing
41
3 phases of the swallow | (what's going on, so what could go wrong?)
**oral: **preparatory--mastication, create a bolus, transportation--stripping action (bolus hits the posterior pharyngeal wall) **pharyngeal:**hyolaryngeal elevation, vocal fold closure, epiglottic closure, reflexive cough, bolus enters the upper esophageal sphincter **esophageal:**peristalsis moves bolus to stomach
42
what can go wrong in the oral phase?
lips don't close, food isn't chewed right, not enough saliva, residue in their mouth, initiation of swallow is slow
43
what could go wrong in the pharyngeal phase?
penetration or aspiration because of inadequate hyolaryngeal elevation/epiglottis closure, no reflexive cough -if hyolaryngeal elevation/epiglottic closure isn't happening food could get stuck/pool in the vellecula (right above epiglottis)
44
penetration vs aspiration
penetration: food hits the larynx aspiration: food enters the trachea/lungs
45
pediatric feeding disorders
persistent failure to eat adequately
46
associated difficulties of pediatric feeding disorder
prematurity/nicu low birth weight craniofacial abnormalities low muscle tone developmental disabilities inadequte nutrition sensory issues prenatal exposure to drugs/alcohol
47
assessment of dysphagia 3 types
clinical/bedside swallow exam: (kinda like a screening), just the clinician with the patient videofleuroscopy/modified barium swallow study (MBS): x-ray, good image of the whole study FEES: camera down nose, can't see the oral or esopageal pahse, but you can see the residue etc
48
pathway of energy through the ear
outer: acoustic energy to mechanical energy at the tympanic membrane (which vibrates the ossicular chain) middle: mechanical energy inner: mechanical to hydraulic nerve: electrical energy to the brain
49
outer ear structures
pinna/auricle EAC
50
middle ear structures
ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes eustachian tube tympanic membrane (ear drum)
51
purpose of eustachian tube
equalizes/relieves pressure in the middle ear
52
inner ear
vestibule and semicircular canals cochlea auditory nerve
53
conductive hearing loss
damage to outer or middle ear causes: -congenital blockage -cerumen blockage or foreign object in auditory canal -perforated tympanic membrane -otitis media -malformations of the auter and or middle ear
54
conductive hearing loss
damage to outer or middle ear causes: -congenital blockage cerumen blockage or foreign object in auditory canal -perforated tympanic membrane -otitis media (middle ear infection) -malformations of the auter and or middle ear
55
sensorineural
causes: -illness, drug use in pregnancy -in-utero infections -menengitis -problems at birth -noise exposure -unknown cause (57%) | any infection if doesn't specify that its part of the outer/middle ear
56
presbycusis
sensorinerual loss due to aging gradual decline starts early in adulthood initially affects high frequency sounds
57
tinnitus
ringing, roaring, buzzing in the ears
58
loss vs impariment/disability
hearing loss: objective hearing impariment/disability: up to the patients opinion (because of their lifestyle), how much it affects their life
59
hearing tests: behavioral v objective
behavioral: requires patient to do something (raise hand etc) when they hear a tone -better for adults objective: what their system is doing (otoacoustic emissions and tympanometry) -better for infants
60
otoacoustic emissions
ojective measure elecrto-acousitcal testing cochlear functioning (screens all babies) echo of the cochlear
61
tympanometry
objective measure tests the acoustic flow of energy theough the *outer and middle ear*
62
amplification
hearing aids: amplify sounds assistive listening devices: FM systems
63
cochlear implants
bypasses damaged portions of the ear to directly stimulate the auditory nerve
64
qualification for cochlear implants
children: bilateral profound hearing loss/deaf, implant early is better adults: profound hearing loss/deaf, hearing aids don't help

comm d (4 decks)

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