Final Review Flashcards
A patient shows up with shoulder pain/arm pain and is known to be a smoker, has hypertension, diabetes and obesity. What might this person have?
Myocardial infarction
what test is urgent to get when someone has a myocardial infarction
EKG
can a doctor be sued for malpractice if they do not recognize an myocardial infarction on an EKG (TF)
true
SIADH can be caused by what?
cancer
chemo
psych meds
do people with SIADH have high or low sodium
low
If a patient becomes resistant to ADH do they urinate more or less
more
what complications are associated with diverticulitis?
abscesses
perforation
what does the mechanism of diverticulitis resemble
appendicitis
why are people on blood thinners for atrial fibrillation?
they are prone to strokes
why do people with atrial fibrillation are prone to getting strokes?
they have a lot of turbulence that leads to blood clots
Patient comes in, with altered mental status and confusion what is the first test to get.
blood sugar to check for hypoglycemia
if a person has liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy, what test should you get
ammonia levels bc it get accumulated due ti the urea cycle
`If a chronic kidney patient comes in with altered mentation what test should you get
BUN blood test
someone with COPD comes in with confusion what test should you get(chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder )
PCO2 test
college basketball player suddenly collapses, patient has a genetic mutation of the heart muscles, what kind of disease do they have?
(not important)
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
why does hypertrophic myopathy happen
Left ventricle walls are too thick bc they pump too hard
what does a tapeworm cause
vitamin B12 deficiency
whats a macrocytic anemia with least possible neurological deficiency
folate deficiancy
what’s the most common anemia
iron deficiancy
what anemia would decrease amount of globulin chains
thalassemia
elderly person found in their home down on the ground what do expect upon running tests?
elevated creatinine levels and CK levels causing rhabdomyolysis
What substance in the blood is toxic in the pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis.
myoglobin
which cardiomyopathy is caused by alcohol or meth use
dilated cardiomyopathy
patient has impaired filling of the heart or amyloid deposition, what do they have
restrictive cardiomyopathy
on an EKG we see deep Q waves, what heart disease are we dealing with
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
what heart disease is ti when someone has chest pain that is relieved by sitting up?
pericarditis
is a hemorrhagic stroke a complication of sickle cell disease?
No
in stokes clots are formed not bleeding
elderly patient here with a known atrial fibrillation history develops severe belly pain, what is happening ?
mesenteric ischemia
marfan syndrome is caused by a problem with what
fibrillin
What disease:
sharp gripping chest pain
high BP
catastrophic thoughts
aortic dissection
aortic dissection patient goes from high blood pressure to really low, what happened
pericardial tamponade
pericardial tamponade is what kind of shock
obstructive shock
what is the formula for ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
PI02/ (FIO2)= greater than 300
must be greater than 300
a patient dies of myocardial infarction, what does the heart look like upon autopsy
coagulation necrosis
how can you diagnose peptic ulcer disease using an x-ray
see free air under the diaphragm in the x ray
how do antibiotics help with peptic ulcer disease?
they kill H pylori
when should a patient get a thrombectomy or IV TPA
IV TPA- if stroke within last 4 hours
thrombectomy- last 24 hours
the patient should not get either treatment
Newborn has a hematoma, is it direct or indirect bilirubin
indirect bc anything to do with hemolysis is indirect
a baby gets jaundice, from breast milk. what do you tell the mother?
continue breastfeeding
elderly patient has vaginal bleeding and dementia, what is the first hing you should find out
make sure the source of bleeding really from the vagina
what is the number one risk for bowel obstruction
prior surgerys that cause adhesion
what organ does fitzhugh carter syndrome hit
the liver due to swelling of the pelvis
what is the top risk factor for ectopic pregnancies
pelvic inflammatory disease
it is harder for the fertilized egg to travel down the fallopian tubes
top medical specialties with the highest risk for malpractice have what in common
surgery
what disease causes proteins E6 and E7 to inhibit tumor suppressors?
HPV
what is P53
tumor suppressor gene
What arre the symptoms in abdominal aortic aneurysm?
a pulsatile mass, hypotension and flank pain
what are the four scenarios in a code blue situation?
- V fib
- V tach
- PEA
- Asystole
In V fib what material do you need
defibrillator
epi
amiodarone
In V tach what material do you need
defibrillator
epinephrine
amiodarone
In PEA what material do you need
epi
CPR
(no shock)
In asystole what material do you need
epi
CPR
(no shock)
what are the four features of tetralogy of fallot
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
pulmonary stenosis
misplaced aorta
thick ventricular wall
cirrhosis patient comes in with altered mentation, what is the mechanism
liver failure
problems with urea cycle
ammonia builds up
causes confusion
heroine addict comes in with a fever, what is the source
infective endocarditis
what two tests do you need to diagnose infective endocarditis
blood cultures and EKG
with drug abuse what valve is damaged first by injecting
tricuspid valve
Pale looking person, with severe pelvic pain and who is pregnant with positive hcg and gets shoulder pain, what is the diagnosis?
why is there shoulder pain?
heterotopic pregnancy
Kehr’s sign
irritation of the diaphragm
why is the HR low in heterotopic pregnancies
the blood in the belly irritates the Vagus nerve
what type of shock is caused by a ruptured heterotopic pregnancy?
hypovolemic shock
why are women more susceptible to gallstones
they produce more estrogen and progesterone
what is the treatment for miscarriages
medication
DNC
what is the connection between cystic fibrosis and elevated blood sugar
chloride cannot exit the cells
sodium continues to enter
causing water to enter the cell
causes it to thicken and can plug up insulin ducts -> hyperglycemia
what are complications of cystic fibrosis patients?
infertility
pneumonia
gallstones
young female comes in, with a red hot swollen painful knee. what’s a reasonable question to ask on the history.
have you been sexually active
bc could be gonorrhea infection
patient has chest pain, and we are suspecting a myocardial infarction. Why is it not a good idea to give nitroglycerin?
they could have cardiogenic shock and nitroglycerine can further lower BP
nitroglycerine lowers pre load
ovarian torsion is suspected in a you female. a trans vaginal ultrasound is normal but the patient is still in pain. what to do next?
still suspect ovarian torsion, call OBGYN to do a diagnostic laparoscopy
ovarian torsion is suspected in a you female. a trans vaginal ultrasound is normal but the patient is still in pain. what to do next?
still suspect ovarian torsion, call OBGYN to do a diagnostic laparoscopy
most common UTI bug
e coli
what medication cab Damage the renal tubules ?
aminoglycocides
what two components does COPD involve
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
Suppose a COPD patient has an elevated white blood cell count and they have no infection
the elevated WBC is due to steroids
whats the role of revers transcriptase
convert RNA to DNA
what is the disulfur reaction
acetaldehyde builds up and causes vomiting
patient has painless hematuria (blood urine) and is recovering from an upper respiratory infection, and has protein in their urine. what is happening to the kidneys?
igA nephropathy disease
immunoglobulin A is building up in the kidneys
what type of hypersensitivity are we dealing with if there are free floating immunoglobulins
Type 1 hypersensitivity
what do intraventricular radiologists do?
drain abscesses
extract clots
place nephrostomy tubes
In tylenol poisoning acetaminophen what accumulates and what depletes
depletion: glutathione
accumulates: napqi
what is ohms law
MAP= COx systemic vascular resistance
what happens to SVR (systemic vascular resistance ) if we give someone histamine
SVR decreases
When SVR decreases BP increases
what happens to blood pressure with bipap
BP decreases
why do we put someone is in trendelenburg position
increases pre load, increase BP
what does nitroglycerine do?
decreases pre load decreases BP
what happens to BP in a squat
increase BP
Somebody with thyroid problems has weight gain, fatigue, and decreased appetite, is this hyper or Hypo thyroidism
hypo
weight gain = hippo
What are some risk factors for DDT pulmonary embolism
smoking
patient with severe headaches stiff neck and fever, what are we thinking about
meningitis
how to diagnose meningitis
lumbar puncture
heavily intoxicated patient who passes out are at risk for developing what?
bodily trauma
aspiration pnemonia
hypoglycemia
why do we test magnesium levels for DKA patient
we need mg to process potassium
kidney stone patient, and we are getting an ultrasound of the kidney, what are we looking for on the ultrasound
swelling of the kidneys
i’m 50 year old male with COPD and pneumothorax who ends up getting intubated. hy did we integrate the patient?
bc of the rising CO2 levels
Patient comes in, with fatigue and brain fog what other differentials can mimic brain fog or fatigue right anemia can do this.
low sodium
dehydration
what is recent antibiotic use a risk factor for
c diff
how do we treat eclampsia
magnesium
anti-hypertensive
benzodiapine
what psychiatric disorder requires the most observation
schizo
what psychiatric disorder results in weird behavior but no psychosis like a personality disorder?
schizotypal personality disorder
A,B,O type incompatibility what hypersensitivity is that
type 2
narco overdose is the combination of an overdose of what two drugs?
acetaminophen
hydrocodone
what can excessive acetaminophen cause
liver failure
what can hydrocodone cause
respiratory depression
what is the earliest phase in wound healing
hemostasis
what covid test stays + the longest
PCR
when a person is exposed to covid whe should they test?
5-7 days after exposure
which milk doesn’t cause eczema
hydrolyzed milk
if somebody has stroke like symptoms, what do you advise them to do
call 911
they could still be a TPA canidate
inside the granuloma what kind of cells are there
macrophages
in the periphery of the granuloma what kind of cells do we have
T cells
