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PARA 1023 CARDIO > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

1
Q

things to know

A

myopathy causes

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2
Q

endocarditits

A 
inner heart 
tendons
mitral valve
develops from rheumatic fever
chordicae tendonae
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3
Q

myocardititis

A

myocardium/affects normal pathway conduction
middle heart layer
no ischemic effects/decrease in blood flow
develops from rheumatic fever
exertional SOB

s/s mylasia
headache, fever
tach HR
chest pain

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4
Q

pericardititis

A 
inflammation of outer layer/fluid 
associated with myocarditis 
cancer patients common
acute/chronic
caused by heart surgery/rheumatic fever/renal failure/TB

rapid fluid buildup
hypotension
JVD from slow moving heart

becks triad
hypotension
muffled heart sounds
JVD

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5
Q

left anterior descending

A

inferior MI (2/3/avf)

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6
Q

angina pectoris

A

o2 demand is to much
pain CO2/lactic acid

s/s chest pain that radiates
often pale/diaphoretic

going down the road to an MI

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7
Q

exertional angina/stable

A

rests/nitro it goes away

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8
Q

unstable angina

A

get it while sitting down

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9
Q

flipped t’s with chest pain is ischemic 2/3 AVF

A

yeet

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10
Q

st elevation

A

damange to myocardium

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11
Q

1,2 septum

3,4 elevation anterior MI depression posterior MI

A

yeet

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12
Q

atrias squeeze from..

A

the top down

tops up ventricles with blood

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13
Q

largest organ in the body

A

skin

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14
Q

t/f there are blood vessels/nerves in the epidermis?

A

F!

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15
Q

albino people lack _____ in the skin

A

melanin

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16
Q

dermis

A

middle layer of the skin

has collagen and elastic fibres

support nerves/vessels/sensory receptors

contains hair follicles, glands and nails

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17
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue

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18
Q

this condition is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction from shell fish, drugs and fruit

A

urticaria (hives)

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19
Q

contact dermatitis

A

caused by exposure to an allergen or direct chemical/mechanical irritation to the skin

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20
Q

another name for acute dermatitis

A

eczema

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21
Q

this skin condition from abnormal activation of T cells

A

psoriasis

starts as a small round mark that grows

itch/burn

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22
Q

what is rheumatic fever

A

an acute systemic inflammatory condition that appears from an abnormal immune reaction weeks after no treatment for an infection

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23
Q

only organ that scarring can cause rheumatic fever

A

the heart

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24
Q

what valve is most affected with endocarditis

A

the mitral valve

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25
Q

conditions that can lead to rheumatic fever

A

strep throat

tonsilitis

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26
Q

2 forms of endocarditis

A

subacute

acute

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27
Q

endocarditis findings

A 
low grade fever
heart murmurs
tach HR at rest
fatigue
PEd
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28
Q

myocarditis findings

A 
*dyspnea on exertion*
headache 
fever 
tach HR
pericardial chest pain
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29
Q

most common cause of ACS

A

ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombosis

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30
Q

what is ACS and different forms of it?

A

cardiac disorders that cause myocardial ischemia/infarction

unstable angina
NSTEMI
STEMI

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31
Q

most common symptom of ACS

A

chest pain

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32
Q

ACS type of chest pain

A

crushing/tight/pressure

left side/under sternum

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33
Q

people who don’t have chest pain with ACS

A

diabetics
geriatrics
people who had heart surgery

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34
Q

ACS symptoms are less aggressive in…

A

women

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35
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

arterial changes

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36
Q

atherosclerosis

A

includes atheromas (LDL, fibrin)

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37
Q

chronic heart failure

A

heart isn’t powerful enough or fast enough to keep up causing blood to back up

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38
Q

left sided heart failure

A

cheyne stokes resps
crackles
pink sputum
pulmonary edema

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39
Q

most common cardiomyopathy

A

dilated
common in ages 20 - 60
stretching of heart chambers resulting in heart failure

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40
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy causes

A 
genetics (1/3 of cases)
CAD, HP, DM...
alcohol abuse
heart infections 
pregnancy complications
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41
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

myocardial cells enlarge causes walls to thicken impeding blood flow

septum can barge into the LV

common cause of sudden death in young people (affects all ages)

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42
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes

A

genetics
hypertension/aging

DM/thyroid disease

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43
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

ventricles become rigid due to scarring causing abnormal diastole/enlarged atria

leads to heart failure/arrhythmias

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44
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy causes

A 
hemochromatosis
sarcoidosis
amyloidosis
connective tissue disorders 
cancer treatments?
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45
Q

hemochromatosis

A

to much iron

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46
Q

septum leads

A

V1 and V2

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47
Q

lateral leads

A

V5/V6 and l/aVL

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48
Q

inferior leads

A

ll/lll and aVF

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49
Q

anterior leads

A

V3 and V4

50
Q

subacute endocarditis

A

involves low virulence organisms like strep

51
Q

acute endocarditis

A

involves high virulence organisms like staph

52
Q

this vascular disorder is common in younger children from a result of strep throat

A

endocarditis

53
Q

what valve does endocarditis affect the most?

A

the mitral valve

54
Q

endocarditis findings

A 
*low grade fever*
murmurs
tach at rest 
PEd
chills
55
Q

t/f IV drug users are at higher risk of developing endocarditis

A

T!

56
Q

this vascular disorder is usually secondary to another condition in the heart/surrounding area

A

pericarditis

57
Q

possible pericarditis lung sounds

A

friction rub

58
Q

essential/primary hypertension

A

BP over 140/90

59
Q

body parts most affected by hypertension

A

kidneys, brain and retina

60
Q

this vascular disorder is often associated with myocarditis and can be acute or chronic

A

pericarditis

61
Q

what can cause chronic pericarditis

A

TB

mediastinal radiation treatment

62
Q

how can pericarditis chest pain be relieved

A

usually by leaning forward

REMEMBER OPQRST

63
Q

SA node is innervated by…

A

the ANS to vary speed

64
Q

t/f both atrias are contracted at the same time

A

T!

65
Q

internodal pathways

A

bachmans bundle stimulates the left side

his bundle on the right side

66
Q

why do the pulses going down the internodal pathways pause for a little bit

A

so the blood can go into the ventricles and empty from the atria

67
Q

first back up pace maker and rate

A

AV node

40 - 60 bpm

68
Q

2nd backup pace maker and rate?

A

purkinje fibers

20 - 40 bpm

69
Q

top of the heart is more…

base of the heart is more…

A

negative

positive

70
Q

height amplitude units

length of duration units

A

mV

seconds

71
Q

P wave

A

positive (because of the way it travels)

depolarization of atria

72
Q

PR interval

A

start of P to start of Q

0.12-0.2s

depolarization from SA to purkinje fiber

73
Q

PR segment

A

end of P to start of Q

depolarization from bundle of his, bundle branches and purkinje fibers

74
Q

positive waves

A

P wave
R wave
T wave

75
Q

Q wave

A

depolarization of the septum

negative (first one after P)

76
Q

R wave

A

depolarization of the left ventricle (myocardium) from the endo to the epi

77
Q

S wave

A

depolarization of the ventricles near the atrial junction

first negative after the R wave

78
Q

QRS

A

complete depolarization of the ventricles

takes about 0.08 - 0.12s

79
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

negative but appears positive

80
Q

QT interval

A

represents the time the ventricles are active

start of Q to the end of the T

0.44s

81
Q

ST segment

A

end of the Q to the start of the T

initial repolarizatoin of the ventricles

82
Q

frontal plane leads are also known as…

A

hexaxial leads

83
Q

limb l

A

left to right shoulder

view lateral wall

84
Q

limb ll

A

left hip to right shoulder

axis of the heart

used for rhythm recognition/monitoring

85
Q

limb lll

A

left hip to left shoulder

views the inferior wall

86
Q

unipolar lead aVL

A

center of the heart to the left side

views lateral wall

87
Q

unipolar lead aVR

A

center of heart to the right side

views the lateral wall

88
Q

unipolar lead aVF

A

center of heart to the apex

views inferior wall

89
Q

how to view the RV

A

you must use V4R, V8 and V9

90
Q

where do V8 and V9 get places?

A

on the back below the left scapula

91
Q

ICF has more?

A

K
Mg
phosphate

92
Q

ECF has more

A

Na
Cl
bicarbonate

93
Q

non gated channels

A

work by diffusion

allow non lipid soluble ions

94
Q

voltage gated channels

A

opened by nerve impulses

95
Q

resting potential

myocardial resting potential

A
  • 70mv

- 90mv

96
Q

depolarized state

A

sodium rushes in

97
Q

repolarized state

A

K gates open and the cell becomes more negative

98
Q

how many action potential phases

A

5

99
Q

phase 0

A

rapid depolarization

100
Q

phase 1

A

initial downstroke

101
Q

phase 2

A

plateau

102
Q

phase 3

A

repolarization

103
Q

phase 4

A

resting maintained by Na/K pump

3 Na out 2 K in

104
Q

absolute refractory

A

nothing can stimulate

early part of the t wave

105
Q

relative refractory

A

stronger stimulus might activate it

late part of the t wave

106
Q

supranormal period

A

cells excited weak stimulus can start depolarization

107
Q

what happens during sinus pause

A

SA node stops working then restarts

p-p not maintained

108
Q

what happens during sinus block

A

SA node works but signal never leaves

p-p maintained

109
Q

atrial flutter reentry pathway

A

atria

not every impulse passes through the AV node

110
Q

PVC

A

premature firing of the ventricular cell

ventricles aren’t responsive to SA so there is a compensatory pause

111
Q

R on T phenomenon

A

relative refractory period becomes depolarized causing v fib

112
Q

how does the heart face

A

posteriorly

113
Q

When does most of the blood enter the ventricles?

A

during ventricular and atrial diastole

114
Q

How much blood is ejected from the ventricles during systole?

A

approximately half the volume in the ventricles

115
Q

Where is most of the blood in the body located?

A

systemic veins and venules

116
Q

What do sinusoid capillaries do that other capillaries do not?

A

they have large gaps to allow passage of red blood cells, proteins, and other larger molecules

117
Q

What do the pectinate muscles in the anterior left atrium wall do?

A

allow for expansion without damage to the walls

118
Q

Which heart infection causes small lesions that can cause arrhythmias?

A

myocarditis

119
Q

Untreated strep throat may cause damage to what part of the heart?

A

the atrioventricular valves

120
Q

The initial stage of necrotizing fasciitis resembles what other condition?

A

cellulitis

121
Q

What type of infection is tinea corporis (also known as ‘ringworm’)?

A

fungal

122
Q

How does herpes simplex 1 spread from one host to another?

A

through contact of lesion fluid or saliva for weeks following lesion healing

PARA 1023 CARDIO (13 decks)

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