Final review Flashcards
1
Q
things to know
A
myopathy causes
2
Q
endocarditits
A
inner heart tendons mitral valve develops from rheumatic fever chordicae tendonae
3
Q
myocardititis
A
myocardium/affects normal pathway conduction
middle heart layer
no ischemic effects/decrease in blood flow
develops from rheumatic fever
exertional SOB
s/s mylasia
headache, fever
tach HR
chest pain
4
Q
pericardititis
A
inflammation of outer layer/fluid associated with myocarditis cancer patients common acute/chronic caused by heart surgery/rheumatic fever/renal failure/TB
rapid fluid buildup
hypotension
JVD from slow moving heart
becks triad
hypotension
muffled heart sounds
JVD
5
Q
left anterior descending
A
inferior MI (2/3/avf)
6
Q
angina pectoris
A
o2 demand is to much
pain CO2/lactic acid
s/s chest pain that radiates
often pale/diaphoretic
going down the road to an MI
7
Q
exertional angina/stable
A
rests/nitro it goes away
8
Q
unstable angina
A
get it while sitting down
9
Q
flipped t’s with chest pain is ischemic 2/3 AVF
A
yeet
10
Q
st elevation
A
damange to myocardium
11
Q
1,2 septum
3,4 elevation anterior MI depression posterior MI
A
yeet
12
Q
atrias squeeze from..
A
the top down
tops up ventricles with blood
13
Q
largest organ in the body
A
skin
14
Q
t/f there are blood vessels/nerves in the epidermis?
A
F!
15
Q
albino people lack _____ in the skin
A
melanin
16
Q
dermis
A
middle layer of the skin
has collagen and elastic fibres
support nerves/vessels/sensory receptors
contains hair follicles, glands and nails
17
Q
3 layers of the skin
A
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
18
Q
this condition is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction from shell fish, drugs and fruit
A
urticaria (hives)
19
Q
contact dermatitis
A
caused by exposure to an allergen or direct chemical/mechanical irritation to the skin
20
Q
another name for acute dermatitis
A
eczema
21
Q
this skin condition from abnormal activation of T cells
A
psoriasis
starts as a small round mark that grows
itch/burn
22
Q
what is rheumatic fever
A
an acute systemic inflammatory condition that appears from an abnormal immune reaction weeks after no treatment for an infection
23
Q
only organ that scarring can cause rheumatic fever
A
the heart
24
Q
what valve is most affected with endocarditis
A
the mitral valve
25
conditions that can lead to rheumatic fever
strep throat
| tonsilitis
26
2 forms of endocarditis
subacute
| acute
27
endocarditis findings
```
low grade fever
heart murmurs
tach HR at rest
fatigue
PEd
```
28
myocarditis findings
```
*dyspnea on exertion*
headache
fever
tach HR
pericardial chest pain
```
29
most common cause of ACS
ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombosis
30
what is ACS and different forms of it?
cardiac disorders that cause myocardial ischemia/infarction
unstable angina
NSTEMI
STEMI
31
most common symptom of ACS
chest pain
32
ACS type of chest pain
crushing/tight/pressure
left side/under sternum
33
people who don't have chest pain with ACS
diabetics
geriatrics
people who had heart surgery
34
ACS symptoms are less aggressive in...
women
35
arteriosclerosis
arterial changes
36
atherosclerosis
includes atheromas (LDL, fibrin)
37
chronic heart failure
heart isn't powerful enough or fast enough to keep up causing blood to back up
38
left sided heart failure
cheyne stokes resps
crackles
pink sputum
pulmonary edema
39
most common cardiomyopathy
dilated
common in ages 20 - 60
stretching of heart chambers resulting in heart failure
40
dilated cardiomyopathy causes
```
genetics (1/3 of cases)
CAD, HP, DM...
alcohol abuse
heart infections
pregnancy complications
```
41
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
myocardial cells enlarge causes walls to thicken impeding blood flow
septum can barge into the LV
common cause of sudden death in young people (affects all ages)
42
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes
genetics
hypertension/aging
DM/thyroid disease
43
restrictive cardiomyopathy
ventricles become rigid due to scarring causing abnormal diastole/enlarged atria
leads to heart failure/arrhythmias
44
restrictive cardiomyopathy causes
```
hemochromatosis
sarcoidosis
amyloidosis
connective tissue disorders
cancer treatments?
```
45
hemochromatosis
to much iron
46
septum leads
V1 and V2
47
lateral leads
V5/V6 and l/aVL
48
inferior leads
ll/lll and aVF
49
anterior leads
V3 and V4
50
subacute endocarditis
involves low virulence organisms like strep
51
acute endocarditis
involves high virulence organisms like staph
52
this vascular disorder is common in younger children from a result of strep throat
endocarditis
53
what valve does endocarditis affect the most?
the mitral valve
54
endocarditis findings
```
*low grade fever*
murmurs
tach at rest
PEd
chills
```
55
t/f IV drug users are at higher risk of developing endocarditis
T!
56
this vascular disorder is usually secondary to another condition in the heart/surrounding area
pericarditis
57
possible pericarditis lung sounds
friction rub
58
essential/primary hypertension
BP over 140/90
59
body parts most affected by hypertension
kidneys, brain and retina
60
this vascular disorder is often associated with myocarditis and can be acute or chronic
pericarditis
61
what can cause chronic pericarditis
TB
| mediastinal radiation treatment
62
how can pericarditis chest pain be relieved
usually by leaning forward
| *REMEMBER OPQRST*
63
SA node is innervated by...
the ANS to vary speed
64
t/f both atrias are contracted at the same time
T!
65
internodal pathways
bachmans bundle stimulates the left side
his bundle on the right side
66
why do the pulses going down the internodal pathways pause for a little bit
so the blood can go into the ventricles and empty from the atria
67
first back up pace maker and rate
AV node
40 - 60 bpm
68
2nd backup pace maker and rate?
purkinje fibers
20 - 40 bpm
69
top of the heart is more...
base of the heart is more...
negative
positive
70
height amplitude units
length of duration units
mV
seconds
71
P wave
positive (because of the way it travels)
depolarization of atria
72
PR interval
start of P to start of Q
0.12-0.2s
depolarization from SA to purkinje fiber
73
PR segment
end of P to start of Q
depolarization from bundle of his, bundle branches and purkinje fibers
74
positive waves
P wave
R wave
T wave
75
Q wave
depolarization of the septum
negative (first one after P)
76
R wave
depolarization of the left ventricle (myocardium) from the endo to the epi
77
S wave
depolarization of the ventricles near the atrial junction
first negative after the R wave
78
QRS
complete depolarization of the ventricles
takes about 0.08 - 0.12s
79
T wave
repolarization of the ventricles
negative but appears positive
80
QT interval
represents the time the ventricles are active
start of Q to the end of the T
0.44s
81
ST segment
end of the Q to the start of the T
initial repolarizatoin of the ventricles
82
frontal plane leads are also known as...
hexaxial leads
83
limb l
left to right shoulder
view lateral wall
84
limb ll
left hip to right shoulder
axis of the heart
used for rhythm recognition/monitoring
85
limb lll
left hip to left shoulder
views the inferior wall
86
unipolar lead aVL
center of the heart to the left side
views lateral wall
87
unipolar lead aVR
center of heart to the right side
views the lateral wall
88
unipolar lead aVF
center of heart to the apex
views inferior wall
89
how to view the RV
you must use V4R, V8 and V9
90
where do V8 and V9 get places?
on the back below the left scapula
91
ICF has more?
K
Mg
phosphate
92
ECF has more
Na
Cl
bicarbonate
93
non gated channels
work by diffusion
allow non lipid soluble ions
94
voltage gated channels
opened by nerve impulses
95
resting potential
myocardial resting potential
- 70mv
| - 90mv
96
depolarized state
sodium rushes in
97
repolarized state
K gates open and the cell becomes more negative
98
how many action potential phases
5
99
phase 0
rapid depolarization
100
phase 1
initial downstroke
101
phase 2
plateau
102
phase 3
repolarization
103
phase 4
resting maintained by Na/K pump
3 Na out 2 K in
104
absolute refractory
nothing can stimulate
early part of the t wave
105
relative refractory
stronger stimulus might activate it
late part of the t wave
106
supranormal period
cells excited weak stimulus can start depolarization
107
what happens during sinus pause
SA node stops working then restarts
p-p not maintained
108
what happens during sinus block
SA node works but signal never leaves
p-p maintained
109
atrial flutter reentry pathway
atria
not every impulse passes through the AV node
110
PVC
premature firing of the ventricular cell
ventricles aren't responsive to SA so there is a compensatory pause
111
R on T phenomenon
relative refractory period becomes depolarized causing v fib
112
how does the heart face
posteriorly
113
When does most of the blood enter the ventricles?
during ventricular and atrial diastole
114
How much blood is ejected from the ventricles during systole?
approximately half the volume in the ventricles
115
Where is most of the blood in the body located?
systemic veins and venules
116
What do sinusoid capillaries do that other capillaries do not?
they have large gaps to allow passage of red blood cells, proteins, and other larger molecules
117
What do the pectinate muscles in the anterior left atrium wall do?
allow for expansion without damage to the walls
118
Which heart infection causes small lesions that can cause arrhythmias?
myocarditis
119
Untreated strep throat may cause damage to what part of the heart?
the atrioventricular valves
120
The initial stage of necrotizing fasciitis resembles what other condition?
cellulitis
121
What type of infection is tinea corporis (also known as 'ringworm')?
fungal
122
How does herpes simplex 1 spread from one host to another?
through contact of lesion fluid or saliva for weeks following lesion healing
