Final- Regional Neuroanatomy Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A positional word that means near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth.
A
- Rostral
S2
2
Q
A positional word that means at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.
A
- Caudal/Caudad
S2
3
Q
Define Cephalad
A
- Word used to refer to something superior and anterior of the body.
S2
4
Q
Define proximal
A
- Closer to the center
- Proximal in the PNS would be closer to the CNS (head or spinal cord)
- Ex: subclavian artery is proximal to the brachial artery
S2
5
Q
define distal
A
- Further away from center
- Distal in the PNS would be further from the CNS(head or spinal cord)
S2
6
Q
Describe the anatomical position.
A
- Face forward
- Standing up straight
- Palms out on the anterior plane
- Thumbs extend laterally
S2
7
Q
Conduction Systems in the PNS
A
- cutaneous/sensory
- motor
S2
8
Q
- What is Cutaneous conduction?
- What is motor conduction?
A
- Cutaneous: Something that is sensory and peripheral
- Something that might feel pain
- Motor is the opposite of cutaneous in the nervous system
S2
9
Q
- What are the bundles of neurons/axons in the CNS? What are bundles of cell bodies in the CNS?
- PNS?
A
- CNS:
- Bundle of neurons/axons: Tract
- Bundle of cell bodies: Nuclei
- PNS:
- Bundle of neurons/axons: Nerves
- Bundle of cell boides: Ganglia
S2
10
Q
A term that describes bundles of neurons and axons outside the CNS [in the PNS].
A
- Nerve
S2
11
Q
A term that describes bundles of neurons and axons within the CNS.
A
- Tracts
S2
12
Q
What is a ganglia?
A
- Bundles of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
S2
13
Q
What is a nuclei?
A
- Bundle of cell bodies within the CNS.
S2
14
Q
____ come together to make a Root.
A
- Rootlets
S3
15
Q
Where is the spinal ganglion located?
A
- Within the posterior root AKA dorsal root
S3
16
Q
The junction of the posterior root and anterior root will be called the ________.
A
- Spinal Nerve
- This point will be the start of the Peripheral Nervous System
17
Q
The anterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ______ system.
A
- Motor System (Efferent)
18
Q
The posterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ______ system.
A
- Sensory System (Afferent)
19
Q
What will be the first projection off of the spinal nerve?
Function?
A
- Posterior Ramus
- Posterior Ramus will primarily serve as a sensory component
20
Q
What will be the second projection of the spinal nerve?
Function?
A
- Anterior Ramus
- Anterior Ramus will serve as a motor output, sensory input, and branch of the autonomic nervous system.
21
Q
Of the two spinal nerve projections, which one is larger?
A
- Anterior Ramus
22
Q
How does the Anterior Ramus connect to the sympathetic chain (sympathetic ganglion)?
A
- Gray Ramus Communicans (proximal)
- White Ramus Communicans (distal)
23
Q
Explain why the left sympathetic chain is more posterior and lateral on the spinal column than the right.
A
- The aorta sits on the left side of the vertebral body and pushes the left sympathetic chain (left spinal ganglia) posteriorly and laterally during development.
24
Q
What are the branches of the posterior ramus?
A
- Medial branch of the Posterior Rami
- Lateral branch of the Posterior Rami
25
What are the branches of the anterior ramus?
* Anterior Cutaneous Branch
* Lateral Cutaneous Branch
26
What is another name for the anterior ramus?
* Intercostal nerve
## Footnote
The intercostal nerve usually sits inferior its correspondivng rib cage.
27
Spinal nerve C8 exits from _________ (above/below) vertebrae C7.
* Below
28
Spinal nerve C1 through C7 exit from _______ (above/below) its corresponding cervical vertebrae.
* Above
29
The thoracic spinal nerves T1 to T12 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.
* Below
30
The spinal nerves L1 to L5 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding lumbar vertebrae.
* Below
31
Spinal Nerve Pairs:
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
* 8 pairs of Cervical Spinal Nerves
* 12 pairs of Thoracic Spinal Nerves
* 5 pairs of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
* 5 pairs of Sacral Spinal Nerves
* 1 pair of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves
* 31 pairs total
32
Where do the cervical spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
* Most of the head and upper extremities
33
Where do the thoracic spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
* Portion of the upper extremity
* Large portion of the torso
34
Where do the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
* Lower extremity
35
Label 1
* Posterior Rootlets
36
Label 2
* Posterior Root (with spinal ganglion)
37
Label 3
* Spinal Nerve
38
Label 4
* Posterior Ramus
39
Label 5
* Anterior Ramus
40
Label 6
* Gray Ramus Communicans
41
Label 7
* White Ramus Communicans
42
Label 8
* Sympathetic ganglion
43
Label 9
* Meningeal branch
44
Label 10
* Anterior Root
45
Label 11
* Anterior Rootlets
46
Label 2
* Lateral Cutaneous Branch
47
Label 3
Anterior Ramus
48
Label 4
* Meningeal Branch
49
Label 5
* Medial Branch
50
Label 6
* Lateral Branch of Posterior Rami
51
Label 7
* Posterior Ramus
52
Label 1
* Posterior Ramus
53
Label 2
* Anterior Ramus (Intercostal Nerve)
54
Label 3
* Lateral Cutaneous Branch
55
Label 4
* Anterior Cutaneous Branch
56
Label 1
* Medial branch
57
Label 2
* Lateral cutaneous branch
58
Label 3
* Superior clunial nerve
59
Label 4
* Middle clunial nerve
60
Label 5
* Supraclavicular nerve
61
Label 6
* Axillary nerve
62
Label 7
* Intercostal nerve (lateral cutaneous branch)
63
Label 8
* Iliohypogastric nerve
64
What dermatome landmark will be T4?
* Nipple Line
65
What dermatome landmark will be T6?
* Xiphoid Process
66
What dermatome landmark will be T10?
* Umbilicus
67
The anterior roots of C3, C4, and C5 combine and form the ______ nerve.
* Phrenic Nerve
68
Spinal Nerves C3, C4, C5 will run under what cervical vertebrae?
* Vertebrae C2, C3, and C4
69
The occipital nerves are named based on what factors?
* Size and Position
*For example, the Greater Occipital Nerve is very large, and it covers a large portion of the back of the head.*
70
The Greater Occipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C2
71
The Lesser Occipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C2
72
The 3rd Occipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C3
73
What nerve will provide sensory innervation to the top of the shoulder?
* Supraclavicular Nerve
74
The Suboccipital Nerve originates from what spinal nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C1
75
Where does the suboccipital nerve provide sensory innervation to?
* It doesn't. It is PURELY MOTOR.
* This nerve (C1) is not part of the cutaneous innervation.
* No dermatome for C1
76
Label 1
* Lesser occipital nerve
77
Label 2
* Suboccipital nerve (C1)
78
Label 3
* Great auricular nerve
79
Label 4
* Greater occipital nerve (C2)
80
Label 5
* 3rd Occipital Nerve
81
Label 6
* Supraclavicular Nerve
82
Label 7
* C5 Spinal Nerve of the Posterior Ramus
83
Label 1
* 3rd occipital nerve
84
Label 2
* Greater occipital nerve
85
Label 3
* Lesser occipital nerve
86
Label 4
* Great auricular nerve
87
The trapezius muscle is used as an accessory for ventilation. It receives input from what nerve?
* Accessory Nerve
88
What are the accessory muscles of exhalation?
* Abdominal Muscles
* External Oblique
* Internal Oblique
89
Label 1
* Supraclavicular Nerve
90
Label 2
* Anterior cutaneous branch
91
Label 3
* Lateral cutaneous branch
92
Label 4
* Intercostal nerve / anterior ramus
93
Label 5
* Iliohypogastric Nerve
94
The dorsal part of the spinal cord is routed through the __________.
* Posterior Ramus
95
Posterior Ramus C1
Nerve:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Posterior Ramus C1
Nerve: Suboccipital Nerve
Sensory Function: No C1 dermatome
Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles
96
Posterior Ramus C2
Nerve:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Posterior Ramus C2
Nerve: Greater occipital nerve
Sensory Function: Innervate C2 dermatome
Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles
97
Posterior Ramus C3
Nerve:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Posterior Ramus C3
Nerve: 3rd occipital nerve
Sensory Function: Innervate C3 dermatome
Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles
98
What are the four nerves of the cervical plexus?
* Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
* Great auricular nerve (C2,C3)
* Transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3)
* Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)
| A cervical plexus is a collection of nerves.
## Footnote
These four nerves can arise from the anterior ramus of spinal nerve C2, C3, or C4.
99
Where is the origin of the supraclavicular nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C3 and C4
100
Where does the transverse cervical nerve provide sensory information?
* Anterior and medial part of the neck
101
Where is the origin of the transverse cervical nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C2 and C3
102
Where is the origin of the great auricular nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C2 and C3
103
Where is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve?
* Spinal Nerve C2
104
Where does the lesser occipital nerve provide sensory information?
* lateral neck to right above the earlobe
105
Label the nerves of the cervical plexus 1-4.
* 1: Lesser occipital nerve
* 2: Great auricular nerve
* 3: Transverse cervical nerve
* 4: Supraclavicular nerve
106
Label the nerve that best corresponds with 1-4.
* 1: Transverse cervical nerve
* 2: Lesser occipital nerve
* 3: Great auricular nerve
* 4 : Supraclavicular nerve
107
What neck muscle does the phrenic nerve sit on?
* Anterior Scalene Muscle
108
Where are the two proximal connection points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
* Connection point on at the sternum
* Connection point on the clavicle
109
What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus?
* Spinal Nerve C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
* Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves
110
What is the potential space between the anterior and middle scalene muscle called?
Why is this potential space important?
* Interscalene space
* This space can be utilized to perform a scalene brachial plexus block
111
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
* Upper: Rami C5 and C6
* Middle: Rami C7
* Lower: Rami C8 and T1
112
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?
* 6 Divisions, each trunk forms one anterior and one posterior division.
* 3 Posterior Division form the **Posterior Cord**
* 2 Anterior Division from C5 to C7 form the **Lateral Cord**
* 1 Anterior Division from C8 and T1 form **Medial Cord**
113
What components are in the supraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus?
* Anterior Rami (C5-T1)
* The Trunks (Upper, Middle, Lower)
* The Divisions (6 divisions)
114
What components are in the infraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus?
* Lateral Cord
* Posterior Cord
* Medial Cord
115
The posterior cord splits to give us what two nerves?
* Axillary nerve
* Radial nerve
116
The lateral cord splits to give us what two nerves?
* Musculocutaneous nerve
* Lateral Root (a portion of the median nerve)
117
The lateral root will combine with the median root to form what nerve?
* Median Nerve
118
The medial cord splits to give us what two nerves?
* Ulnar Nerve
* Median Root (a portion of the median nerve)
119
What two nerves does the median nerve sit between?
* Ulnar Nerve
* Radial Nerve
120
The axillary nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?
* C5
* C6
121
The radial nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?
* C5
* C6
* C7
* C8
* T1
122
The ulnar nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?
* C7
* C8
* T1
123
The median nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?
* C6
* C7
* C8
* T1
124
The musculocutaneous nerve has what cervical spinal nerve origins?
* C5
* C6
* C7
125
What sensory branch is innervated by the axillary nerve?
* Superior lateral brachial cutaneous (lateral deltoid)
126
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?
* Lateral Superior Thumb
* Lateral Anterior Biceps/Triceps
* superior lateral wrist
127
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?
* Lateral Posterior Triceps
* Middle Posterior Forearm
* Posterior Thumb and First 2 Fingers
128
What sensory branch is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
* Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (anterior lateral forearm)
* Very small posterior of the posterior forearm
129
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?
* Medial palmer surface of last two fingers
* Anterior medial wrist
130
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?
* Medial Posterior Wrist
* Most of the last 2 Fingers
131
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?
* Posterior fingertips of first two digits
* Proper palmar digital nerves
132
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?
* Most of the palm
* Anterior thumb
* Anterior surface of first two fingers
* Small section of the anterior wrist
* Palmar branch of the median nerve
* Common and proper palmar digital nerve
133
Label 1
* Anterior Cutaneous Branch
