Final- Regional Neuroanatomy Part 1 Flashcards
A positional word that means near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth.
- Rostral
S2
A positional word that means at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.
- Caudal/Caudad
S2
Define Cephalad
- Word used to refer to something superior and anterior of the body.
S2
Define proximal
- Closer to the center
- Proximal in the PNS would be closer to the CNS (head or spinal cord)
- Ex: subclavian artery is proximal to the brachial artery
S2
define distal
- Further away from center
- Distal in the PNS would be further from the CNS(head or spinal cord)
S2
Describe the anatomical position.
- Face forward
- Standing up straight
- Palms out on the anterior plane
- Thumbs extend laterally
S2
Conduction Systems in the PNS
- cutaneous/sensory
- motor
S2
- What is Cutaneous conduction?
- What is motor conduction?
- Cutaneous: Something that is sensory and peripheral
- Something that might feel pain
- Motor is the opposite of cutaneous in the nervous system
S2
- What are the bundles of neurons/axons in the CNS? What are bundles of cell bodies in the CNS?
- PNS?
- CNS:
- Bundle of neurons/axons: Tract
- Bundle of cell bodies: Nuclei
- PNS:
- Bundle of neurons/axons: Nerves
- Bundle of cell boides: Ganglia
S2
A term that describes bundles of neurons and axons outside the CNS [in the PNS].
- Nerve
S2
A term that describes bundles of neurons and axons within the CNS.
- Tracts
S2
What is a ganglia?
- Bundles of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
S2
What is a nuclei?
- Bundle of cell bodies within the CNS.
S2
____ come together to make a Root.
- Rootlets
S3
Where is the spinal ganglion located?
- Within the posterior root AKA dorsal root
S3
The junction of the posterior root and anterior root will be called the ________.
- Spinal Nerve
- This point will be the start of the Peripheral Nervous System
The anterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ______ system.
- Motor System (Efferent)
The posterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ______ system.
- Sensory System (Afferent)
What will be the first projection off of the spinal nerve?
Function?
- Posterior Ramus
- Posterior Ramus will primarily serve as a sensory component
What will be the second projection of the spinal nerve?
Function?
- Anterior Ramus
- Anterior Ramus will serve as a motor output, sensory input, and branch of the autonomic nervous system.
Of the two spinal nerve projections, which one is larger?
- Anterior Ramus
How does the Anterior Ramus connect to the sympathetic chain (sympathetic ganglion)?
- Gray Ramus Communicans (proximal)
- White Ramus Communicans (distal)
Explain why the left sympathetic chain is more posterior and lateral on the spinal column than the right.
- The aorta sits on the left side of the vertebral body and pushes the left sympathetic chain (left spinal ganglia) posteriorly and laterally during development.
What are the branches of the posterior ramus?
- Medial branch of the Posterior Rami
- Lateral branch of the Posterior Rami
What are the branches of the anterior ramus?
- Anterior Cutaneous Branch
- Lateral Cutaneous Branch
What is another name for the anterior ramus?
- Intercostal nerve
The intercostal nerve usually sits inferior its correspondivng rib cage.
Spinal nerve C8 exits from _________ (above/below) vertebrae C7.
- Below
Spinal nerve C1 through C7 exit from _______ (above/below) its corresponding cervical vertebrae.
- Above
The thoracic spinal nerves T1 to T12 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.
- Below
The spinal nerves L1 to L5 exit from ______- (above/below) the corresponding lumbar vertebrae.
- Below
Spinal Nerve Pairs:
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
- 8 pairs of Cervical Spinal Nerves
- 12 pairs of Thoracic Spinal Nerves
- 5 pairs of Lumbar Spinal Nerves
- 5 pairs of Sacral Spinal Nerves
- 1 pair of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs total
Where do the cervical spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
- Most of the head and upper extremities
Where do the thoracic spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
- Portion of the upper extremity
- Large portion of the torso
Where do the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves provide sensory innervation to?
- Lower extremity
Label 1
- Posterior Rootlets
Label 2
- Posterior Root (with spinal ganglion)
Label 3
- Spinal Nerve
Label 4
- Posterior Ramus
Label 5
- Anterior Ramus
Label 6
- Gray Ramus Communicans
Label 7
- White Ramus Communicans
Label 8
- Sympathetic ganglion
Label 9
- Meningeal branch
Label 10
- Anterior Root
Label 11
- Anterior Rootlets
Label 2
- Lateral Cutaneous Branch
Label 3
Anterior Ramus
Label 4
- Meningeal Branch
Label 5
- Medial Branch
Label 6
- Lateral Branch of Posterior Rami
Label 7
- Posterior Ramus
Label 1
- Posterior Ramus
Label 2
- Anterior Ramus (Intercostal Nerve)
Label 3
- Lateral Cutaneous Branch
Label 4
- Anterior Cutaneous Branch
Label 1
- Medial branch
Label 2
- Lateral cutaneous branch
Label 3
- Superior clunial nerve
Label 4
- Middle clunial nerve
Label 5
- Supraclavicular nerve
Label 6
- Axillary nerve
Label 7
- Intercostal nerve (lateral cutaneous branch)
Label 8
- Iliohypogastric nerve
What dermatome landmark will be T4?
- Nipple Line
What dermatome landmark will be T6?
- Xiphoid Process
What dermatome landmark will be T10?
- Umbilicus
Spinal Nerves C3, C4, C5 will run under what cervical vertebrae?
- Vertebrae C2, C3, and C4
Label 1
- Lesser occipital nerve
Label 2
- Suboccipital nerve (C1)
Label 3
- Great auricular nerve
Label 4
- Greater occipital nerve (C2)
Label 5
- 3rd Occipital Nerve
Label 6
- Supraclavicular Nerve
Label 7
- C5 Spinal Nerve of the Posterior Ramus
Label 1
- 3rd occipital nerve
Label 2
- Greater occipital nerve
Label 3
- Lesser occipital nerve
Label 4
- Great auricular nerve
The trapezius muscle is used as an accessory for ventilation. It receives input from what nerve?
- Accessory Nerve
Label 1
- Supraclavicular Nerve
Label 2
- Anterior cutaneous branch
Label 3
- Lateral cutaneous branch
Label 4
- Intercostal nerve / anterior ramus
Label 5
- Iliohypogastric Nerve
Posterior Ramus C2
Nerve:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Posterior Ramus C2
Nerve: Greater occipital nerve
Sensory Function: Innervate C2 dermatome
Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles
Posterior Ramus C3
Nerve:
Sensory Function:
Motor Function:
Posterior Ramus C3
Nerve: 3rd occipital nerve
Sensory Function: Innervate C3 dermatome
Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles
Where does the transverse cervical nerve provide sensory information?
- Anterior and medial part of the neck
Where does the lesser occipital nerve provide sensory information?
- lateral neck to right above the earlobe
Label the nerves of the cervical plexus 1-4.
- 1: Lesser occipital nerve
- 2: Great auricular nerve
- 3: Transverse cervical nerve
- 4: Supraclavicular nerve
Label the nerve that best corresponds with 1-4.
- 1: Transverse cervical nerve
- 2: Lesser occipital nerve
- 3: Great auricular nerve
- 4 : Supraclavicular nerve
Where are the two proximal connection points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
- Connection point on at the sternum
- Connection point on the clavicle
What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus?
- Spinal Nerve C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
- Anterior Rami of the Spinal Nerves
What is the potential space between the anterior and middle scalene muscle called?
Why is this potential space important?
- Interscalene space
- This space can be utilized to perform a scalene brachial plexus block
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
- Upper: Rami C5 and C6
- Middle: Rami C7
- Lower: Rami C8 and T1
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?
- 6 Divisions, each trunk forms one anterior and one posterior division.
- 3 Posterior Division form the Posterior Cord
- 2 Anterior Division from C5 to C7 form the Lateral Cord
- 1 Anterior Division from C8 and T1 form Medial Cord
The posterior cord splits to give us what two nerves?
- Axillary nerve
- Radial nerve
The lateral cord splits to give us what two nerves?
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Lateral Root (a portion of the median nerve)
The lateral root will combine with the median root to form what nerve?
- Median Nerve
The medial cord splits to give us what two nerves?
- Ulnar Nerve
- Median Root (a portion of the median nerve)
What two nerves does the median nerve sit between?
- Ulnar Nerve
- Radial Nerve
What sensory branch is innervated by the axillary nerve?
- Superior lateral brachial cutaneous (lateral deltoid)
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?
- Lateral Superior Thumb
- Lateral Anterior Biceps/Triceps
- superior lateral wrist
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the radial nerve innervates?
- Lateral Posterior Triceps
- Middle Posterior Forearm
- Posterior Thumb and First 2 Fingers
What sensory branch is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
- Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (anterior lateral forearm)
- Very small posterior of the posterior forearm
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?
- Medial palmer surface of last two fingers
- Anterior medial wrist
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the ulnar nerve innervates?
- Medial Posterior Wrist
- Most of the last 2 Fingers
What are the posterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?
- Posterior fingertips of first two digits
- Proper palmar digital nerves
What are the anterior cutaneous regions that the median nerve innervates?
- Most of the palm
- Anterior thumb
- Anterior surface of first two fingers
- Small section of the anterior wrist
- Palmar branch of the median nerve
- Common and proper palmar digital nerve
Label 1
- Anterior Cutaneous Branch
