Final pt 2 Flashcards
proteins that fuction as biological catalysts
enzymes
a substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed
catalyst
when substrate molecules temporarily combine with enzyme molecules
enzyme-substrate complex
the result of a chemical reaction
product
the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
substrate
reactant
the substance being acted upon
a special region of the enzyme where the substrate binds
active site
when the enzyme’s structure is changed sufficiently to destroy its function
denatured
nonprotein organic molecules an dmetal ions that are part of the structure of the active site, maing the formation of enzyme-substrate comlex possible
cofactors
catalze only one particular reaction
enzyme specificity
the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specific reaction
activation energy
an enzyme that catalyzes the production of benzoquinone and water from catechol
catechol oxidase
equation for the formation of benzoquinone from catechol and oxygen
catechol + 1/2 O2 —> benzoquinone + H2O
equation for generalized enzymatic reaction
substrate —> enzyme-substrate complex —> products + enzyme
factors that influence enzymatic activity
temperature and pH
the effects of temperature on enzymatic activity
high temperatures slow down enzyme activity
the effects of pH on enzymatic activity
pH 6 is most optimum for activity
substance that other substances entering and leaving cells are dissolved into
solvent
the substances dissolved in water
solutes
the combination of a solvent and dissolved solute
solution
membranes allow some substances to move easily while completely excluding others
selectively permeable
the movement of solute molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration
diffusion
occurs without the expenditure of cellular energy
diffusion
the movement of water across selectively permeable membranes
osmosis
a special form of osmosis, occurring from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration
osmosis
the difference in concentration of ike molecules in two regions
concentration gradient
diffusion and osmosis take place…
down concentration gradients
when the concentration of solvent and solute molecules becomes equally distributed, the gradient ceases to exist
equilibrium
when water moves into the cell
turgor pressure
when turgor pressure presses the cytoplasm against the cell wall, cellsl are said to be…
turgid
when the cell looses water it becomes…
plasmolyzed
the process of a cell becoming plasmolyzed
plasmolysis
describes on solution’s solute concentration compared to that of another solution
tonicity
the solution containing the lower concentration of solute molecules than another
hypotonic
solutions containing equal concentrations of solute
isotonic
when one solution contains greater concentration of solute relative to a second one
hypertonic
plasmolysis in red blood cells
crenation
red blood cells that have taken in water and have burst
hemolysis
permanently attached to the biological membrane
integral protein
adhere only temporarily to the biolgoical membrane with which they are associated
peripheral pronteins
the main organ sof the skeletal system
bones
straplike structures that hold together bones
ligaments
primarilly dense connective tissue that ismore or less elastic
ligaments
the places in the body where tow or more bones are connected
joints
the mian organs of the muscular system and are composed primarily of skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscles
dense fibrous connective tissue structures that connect skeletal muscles to bones
tendons
tension of the skeletal muscles
muscle tone
the ability to hold the body erect and to keep the position of its parts, all against the pull of gravity
posture
immovable joints that connect the bones of the roof of the skull of young adults
sutures
joints that allow the freest moement
synovial joints
shaft
diaphsis
two knobby ends of the shaft
epiphyses
solid and dense and is found on the surface of the femur
compact bone
latticelike and found on the inside of the femure, primarily in the epiphyses and surrounding the marrow cavity
spongy bone
the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored
marrow cavity
each bone is a…
lever
one end of a skeletal muscle that remains stationary
origin
moves along with the bone and surrounding body part
insertion
the movement produced by the contraction
action
a contraction of a skeletal muscle that results in movement
isotonic contraction
a contraction of a skeletal muscle in which tension increases but no movement results
isometric contraction
