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Biology Lab II > Final pt 2 > Flashcards

Final pt 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

proteins that fuction as biological catalysts

A

enzymes

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2
Q

a substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

A

catalyst

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3
Q

when substrate molecules temporarily combine with enzyme molecules

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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4
Q

the result of a chemical reaction

A

product

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5
Q

the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

substrate

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6
Q

reactant

A

the substance being acted upon

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7
Q

a special region of the enzyme where the substrate binds

A

active site

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8
Q

when the enzyme’s structure is changed sufficiently to destroy its function

A

denatured

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9
Q

nonprotein organic molecules an dmetal ions that are part of the structure of the active site, maing the formation of enzyme-substrate comlex possible

A

cofactors

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10
Q

catalze only one particular reaction

A

enzyme specificity

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11
Q

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specific reaction

A

activation energy

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12
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the production of benzoquinone and water from catechol

A

catechol oxidase

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13
Q

equation for the formation of benzoquinone from catechol and oxygen

A

catechol + 1/2 O2 —> benzoquinone + H2O

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14
Q

equation for generalized enzymatic reaction

A

substrate —> enzyme-substrate complex —> products + enzyme

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15
Q

factors that influence enzymatic activity

A

temperature and pH

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16
Q

the effects of temperature on enzymatic activity

A

high temperatures slow down enzyme activity

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17
Q

the effects of pH on enzymatic activity

A

pH 6 is most optimum for activity

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18
Q

substance that other substances entering and leaving cells are dissolved into

A

solvent

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19
Q

the substances dissolved in water

A

solutes

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20
Q

the combination of a solvent and dissolved solute

A

solution

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21
Q

membranes allow some substances to move easily while completely excluding others

A

selectively permeable

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22
Q

the movement of solute molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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23
Q

occurs without the expenditure of cellular energy

A

diffusion

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24
Q

the movement of water across selectively permeable membranes

A

osmosis

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25
Q

a special form of osmosis, occurring from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

A

osmosis

26
Q

the difference in concentration of ike molecules in two regions

A

concentration gradient

27
Q

diffusion and osmosis take place…

A

down concentration gradients

28
Q

when the concentration of solvent and solute molecules becomes equally distributed, the gradient ceases to exist

A

equilibrium

29
Q

when water moves into the cell

A

turgor pressure

30
Q

when turgor pressure presses the cytoplasm against the cell wall, cellsl are said to be…

A

turgid

31
Q

when the cell looses water it becomes…

A

plasmolyzed

32
Q

the process of a cell becoming plasmolyzed

A

plasmolysis

33
Q

describes on solution’s solute concentration compared to that of another solution

A

tonicity

34
Q

the solution containing the lower concentration of solute molecules than another

A

hypotonic

35
Q

solutions containing equal concentrations of solute

A

isotonic

36
Q

when one solution contains greater concentration of solute relative to a second one

A

hypertonic

37
Q

plasmolysis in red blood cells

A

crenation

38
Q

red blood cells that have taken in water and have burst

A

hemolysis

39
Q

permanently attached to the biological membrane

A

integral protein

40
Q

adhere only temporarily to the biolgoical membrane with which they are associated

A

peripheral pronteins

41
Q

the main organ sof the skeletal system

A

bones

42
Q

straplike structures that hold together bones

A

ligaments

43
Q

primarilly dense connective tissue that ismore or less elastic

A

ligaments

44
Q

the places in the body where tow or more bones are connected

A

joints

45
Q

the mian organs of the muscular system and are composed primarily of skeletal muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscles

46
Q

dense fibrous connective tissue structures that connect skeletal muscles to bones

A

tendons

47
Q

tension of the skeletal muscles

A

muscle tone

48
Q

the ability to hold the body erect and to keep the position of its parts, all against the pull of gravity

A

posture

49
Q

immovable joints that connect the bones of the roof of the skull of young adults

A

sutures

50
Q

joints that allow the freest moement

A

synovial joints

51
Q

shaft

A

diaphsis

52
Q

two knobby ends of the shaft

A

epiphyses

53
Q

solid and dense and is found on the surface of the femur

A

compact bone

54
Q

latticelike and found on the inside of the femure, primarily in the epiphyses and surrounding the marrow cavity

A

spongy bone

55
Q

the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

A

marrow cavity

56
Q

each bone is a…

A

lever

57
Q

one end of a skeletal muscle that remains stationary

A

origin

58
Q

moves along with the bone and surrounding body part

A

insertion

59
Q

the movement produced by the contraction

A

action

60
Q

a contraction of a skeletal muscle that results in movement

A

isotonic contraction

61
Q

a contraction of a skeletal muscle in which tension increases but no movement results

A

isometric contraction

Biology Lab II (4 decks)

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